The Genetic Code
Triplet nucleotide segments that code for an amino acid
What are the three stages of transcription
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
What are the three sections of a Ribosome
What is gene expression and why do we need it
Gene expression is the process of turning genes on or off to make protein and mRNA. We need it to conserve time and energy
A woman stops drinking alcohol when she is pregnant and breastfeeding. What kind of gene regulation is this
Epigenetic because there are changes to the chromosomal structure that can be inherited by offspring
The template strand is always read in a ___' - ___' direction
3' - 5'
List the three modifications that prepare mRNA to enter the cytoplasm
5' Cap
3' Poly tail
Splicing
Draw me a tRNA
*Megan will check
What are the five levels of gene expression control in Eukaryotes
Epigenetic
Transcriptional
Post-Transcriptional
Translational
Post-Translational
Differentiate Cap and CAP
A 5' Cap is an extra guanine added to an mRNA sequence to protect it from breaking down in the cytoplasm
CAP is the Catabolic Activator Protein that helps synthesize lactose proteins
What are the five gene mutations that can occur
Point
Missense
Nonsense
Silent
Frameshift
How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcription on a DNA strand
Promoters signal to the RNA polymerase where to begin transcription on a template strand, being upstream of the desired sequence
What enzyme "charges" our tRNA with amino acids
Aminoacyl tRNA-Synthase
Differentiate the function of inducer operons from repressor operons
When repressor operons (trp) are not needed they are turned off, blocking gene expression.
When Inducer operons (lac) are needed, they are turned on and allow gene expression to happen
Describe the four chromosomal mutation functions
Deletion- a section of chromosome is lost
Duplication- a section of chromosome is repeated
Inversion- a section of chromosome is flipped and reattached
Translocation- a section of a chromosome breaks off and joins another chromosome
Do we synthesize amino acids for the anticodon? Why or why not
No, the anticodon is used to connect the tRNA to the codon found on the mRNA strand. The codon codes for amino acids
3' TAGCTACAGGTGGAATGCTCGCATCGCATTAAT 5'
What is the protein sequence
Met-Ser-Thr-Leu-Arg-Ala-Stop
In the ______ site, a ______ bond is made between the amino acids once the codon attaches to the ______.
Peptide, peptide, anticodon
Considering lac operons, what conditions would there need to be in order for a lot of lactose to be made and digested
Lactose present, glucose not present, and possibly a CAP
What are the three phases of elongation within translation
Charged tRNA enters A site
Form a peptide bond between amino acids
Translocation (ribosome slides along the mRNA to continue synthesizing)
Write the mRNA sequence from the protein sequence:
Methionine- Lysine- Glycine- Arginine- Stop
5' AUGAAAGGUAGAUGA 3'
Original Sequence:
3' TAGCTACACGTGGAATGCTCGCATCGCATTAAT 5'
Mutated Sequence
3' TAGCTACACGTGGAcTGCTCGCATCGCATTAAT 5'
What is the name of the mutation
Nonsense
Write the anti codon sequence for mRNA sequence:
5' AAUGCCAUCGUACGAGGUGAC 3'
UAC GGA AGC AUG CUC CAC
What is the difference between transcriptional control and translational control
Transcriptional control decides if mRNA can be synthesized by repressing RNA polymerase
Translational control decides to stop a protein from being made by inhibiting ribosomes
How can we connect the levels of protein folding and enzyme inhibition from chapter 4 to gene expression in chapter 6
During post-translational control from chapter 6, proteins are destroyed when it is no longer needed by being folded incorrectly or by being inhibited