Biotechnology
An organism that has had a foreign gene inserted into it.
What is a transgenic organism?
Pasteur got the name 'virus' from this Latin word.
What is 'poison'?
In this kind of genetic recombination, a bacterial cell makes a bridge between itself and another cell to transfer DNA between them.
What is conjugation?
These archaea live in areas of high salt concentrations.
What are halophiles?
This is a contagious protein that can damage other proteins and cause neurodegenerative diseases.
What is a prion?
The process of using transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals.
What is gene pharming?
This occurs when two virus strains infect the same organism and swap viral RNA with each other.
What is antigenic shift?
This type of bacteria is able to grow in either the presence or absence of free oxygen.
These archaea live best in areas that are very hot and sulfuric.
What are thermoacidophiles?
These 'jumping genes' can move within/between chromosomes.
What are transposons?
These two characteristics of Cas9 make it so that this protein can A) target very specific sequences of DNA, and B) be given different instructions to target different sequences of DNA.
What is 'precise' and 'programmable'?
Latent bacteriophage DNA that has integrated into the host bacteria's genome is called this.
What is a prophage?
A chemoheterotrophic bacteria that decomposes large organic molecules like rotting wood is called this.
What is a saprotroph?
These archaea tend to live in anaerobic marshes.
What are methanogens?
Because the same section of DNA can make multiple proteins, the _______ is larger than the genome.
What is the proteome?
These three things are needed to create recombinant DNA.
Bonus for 200: What do each of these things do to make the recombinant DNA?
What is a vector, a restriction enzyme, and a DNA ligase?
Bonus: vector carries DNA into cell, enzyme cuts DNA, ligase glues DNA
These are the three ways we categorize viruses.
What are 1) size and shape, 2) type of nucleic acid, and 3) presence or absence of an envelope.
This is a source of genetic variation in bacteria that involves the bacteria picking up DNA from the environment and incorporating it into its genome.
What is transformation?
These are the two ways antibiotics typically kill bacteria.
What are inhibiting protein biosynthesis and inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis?
Cyanobacteria form associations with fungi to form these.
What are lichens?
The first of these gene therapies modifies cells outside of the body and then reintroduces them. The second of these gene therapies modifies cells still within the patients' bodies.
What are ex-vivo and in-vivo gene therapies?
These are the five general steps of viral reproduction, in order.
Double or nothing: Briefly describe what happens in each of these steps
What are 1) attachment, 2) penetration, 3) biosynthesis, 4) maturation, and 5) release?
DoN: 1) viral proteins attach to host receptors, 2) host engulfs virus/DNA goes into host, 3) host cell makes new virus parts, 4) new viruses assembled, 5) new viruses exit host
These are the main two differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
What is gram-negative bacteria having a second membrane and a thinner peptidoglycan layer?
Gram-negative bacteria are harder to treat with antibiotics for this reason.
What is the antibiotics being unable to pass through the second cellular membrane?
Reverse transcriptase builds ______ molecules from _______ templates.
What is builds DNA molecules from RNA templates?