Exam 1
An atomic nucleus consists of...
Protons and neutrons
The plasma membrane is made of a _________ ___________ embedded with ________.
Phospholipid bilayer, proteins
If a cell has a higher concentration of dissolved molecules than its outside environment, the cell's condition is referred to as being...
Different forms of the same gene are called
alleles
The ____ _________ enzyme adds new nucleotides to the _____ end of a growing strand
DNA Polymerase, 3'
What common life characteristic would cells from a rat, sunflower, and e. coli bacteria have?
DNA
What is a unique property of phospholipids?
They are amphipathic
A drug binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site. When it binds, it changes the enzyme’s shape and prevents the substrate from binding properly. This drug would be considered
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Explain the principle of segregation
Each parent has two copies of a gene, but they only pass one copy to each offspring. During gamete (egg or sperm) formation, the two gene copies separate from each other, so each gamete gets just one.
The _______-_____ backbone of DNA is held together by ______________ bonds, while the antiparallel strands of ___________ are held together by ___ bonds.
phosphate-sugar, phosphodiester, nucleotides/nitrogenous bases, H bonds
Through what process do macromolecules break down into monomers?
Hydrolysis Reactions
Cilia and flagella are an arrangement of __________ in a ________ arrangement.
Microtubules, 9+2
Which stage of cellular respiration can proceed with and without O2?
Glycolysis
If a cell could skip metaphase and go straight to anaphase, what's the most likely consequence?
Daughter cells would have different numbers of chromosomes
To help fit long strands of DNA inside the nucleus, the DNA wraps around clusters of histone proteins that repeat along the chromosome. These “bead-like” DNA–protein units are called:
Nucleosomes
Most common lipids for energy storage:
Triglycerides
Receptor-mediated endocytosis:
Is the intake of specific molecules after they bind to receptors
Hexokinase is an enzyme that normally converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. When enough glucose-6-phosphate has been made, it binds to hexokinase at a site other than the active site and slows the enzyme down. This situation is an example of:
Feedback inhibition
The cells that result from meiosis 1 are (diploid/haploid), and each chromosome consists of (1/2) chromatids.
Haploid, 2
New amino acids(besides f-Met) enter at the ____ site
A
Explain the 4 levels of protein structure
1. Primary Structure - just the sequence of amino acids in a chain.
- Think of it like letters in a word — the order matters.
2. Secondary Structure - Parts of the chain fold into small shapes:
Alpha helix → spiral
Beta sheet → zig-zag sheet
3. Tertiary Structure - The whole protein folds into its overall 3D structure.
- This shape is what lets the protein do its job.
4. Quaternary Structure - Some proteins have multiple folded chains that come together to work as one big protein.
If the transport at the cis face of the Golgi Apparatus is blocked, what will be prevented from happening inside the cell?
Movement of lipids and proteins from ER to Golgi
A researcher is investigating a genetic disorder where patients can do glycolysis normally but cannot carry out pyruvate oxidation or the citric acid cycle. This suggests damage to a specific organelle. Which cellular compartment should the researcher examine for defects?
Mitochondria
Mendel crossed two pea plants and observed a 3:1 ratio of purple flowers to white flowers in the offspring. Which parental genotype combination would produce this ratio?
Heterozygous purple x heterozygous purple
A microbiologist is examining the control of a bacterial gene whose mRNA is produced normally, but protein levels vary depending on cellular conditions. To determine how gene expression is being regulated in this scenario, the most appropriate level of regulation to investigate is:
Translational regulation