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Mendelian Genetics
Enzymes
Respiration
Mitosis and Meiosis
Electrophoresis
100
What's the difference between homozygous and heterozygous? What's the difference between dominant and recessive?
Homozygous: homologous chromosomes have the same allele at a given locus. Heterozygous: homologous chromosomes have different alleles at a given locus. Dominant: Allele that is always expressed when present. Recessive: Allele that is only expressed in the absence of dominant allele.
100
Which enzyme did we use in the Enzyme experiment and WHY?
Beta-galactosidase- an enzyme produced by E. coli bacteria. This enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of lactose into galactose and glucose. It also catalyzes the breakdown of ONPG, a molecule that is structurally similar to lactose.
100
The equation for cellular respiration is: (BONUS! What is the purpose of cellular respiration?)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H20 + 6CO2 + Heat The purpose of cellular respiration is to break down glucose (from food or photosynthesis) to be used as cellular energy (32-38 ATP molecules)
100
What is the difference between a diploid and a haploid cell? BONUS: Mitosis produces which type of cell? Meiosis?
Diploid = two sets of chromosomes (product of mitosis) Haploid = one set of chromosomes (product of meiosis)
100
What is the charge of DNA?
Negative -> attracted to positive charge
200
Given the parental genotypes: AaBB X AaBb, set up a dihybrid Punnett square.
Possible mom gametes: AB, AB, aB, aB Possible dad gametes: AB, Ab, aB, ab
200
What is competitive inhibition? How does the presence of a competitive inhibitor affect the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
Multiple substrates compete for the same active site on an enzyme if they are structurally similar (like lactose and ONPG). Lactose, as a competitive inhibitor, utilized the active site on beta-galactosidase and thus slowed the breakdown of ONPG.
200
What did we do to measure the metabolic rates of mealworms?
Indirect assessment of metabolic rate -> measured oxygen consumption by way of volumetric respirometry.
200
What is the difference between a chromosome and a sister chromatid?
A chromosome is a strand of DNA. A sister chromatid is one of two replicated chromosomes- both of which have the exact same genetic material.
200
What is the function of the restriction enzymes?
Cut DNA with a particular nucleotide sequence, resulting in different-sized fragments of DNA that can be seen with electrophoresis.
300
An individual with AB blood needs a transfusion. Which blood types can he receive and WHY?
All blood types, because the presence of both A and B proteins on the RBCs allows him to receive A, B, and AB blood. O is the universal donor and can be accepted by anyone.
300
Describe the temperature experiment that we conducted. What were the predicted results? Why?
We tested the effect of temperature on an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by measuring the reaction rate of the breakdown of ONPG at three temperatures. We would predict that the ONPG in the highest temperature setting (37C) would breakdown the quickest, due to the increased kinetic energy caused by increased temperatures.
300
What is Kleiber's Rule?
Smaller organisms have a larger mass-specific metabolic rate.
300
Describe the differences between the anaphase stage of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II.
Mitosis: sister chromatids split and 46 chromosomes move in each direction to the poles. Meiosis I: homologous pairs split and 23 replicated chromosomes move in each direction to the poles. Meiosis II: sister chromatids split and 23 chromosomes move in each direction to the poles.
300
What is a palindrome sequence?
A DNA sequence that reads the same forward and backward.
400
Purple kernels: 586 Yellow kernels: 214 What is the predicted phenotypic ratio of these offspring? What are the predicted phenotypes of the parents?
3:1 ratio, parents would be heterozygotes for the kernel color gene
400
How do you calculate reaction rate? What are the units?
(Absorbance reading at Time 10 - Absorbance reading at Time 0) / 10 Units: Abs/Min
400
Name three factors that affect an organism's metabolic rate.
Physiological energy use (exercise), temperature, and body size.
400
What are the two processes that occur during meiosis to produce genetic diversity within the daughter cells?
Crossing over and independent assortment
400
Why did we use agarose sugar for the gel?
It forms a gel matrix, allowing smaller fragments of DNA to move faster and larger fragments to move slower throughout it during electrophoresis.
500
After calculations, you obtain a chi-square value of 3.24 for a dihybrid cross. Use the table on page 128 to interpret this result and form a conclusion. What do these results mean?
With 3 df, 3.24 is not significant. This means that there is no significant difference between the observed results and the expected results. Thus, the predicted phenotypic ratio (and parental genotypes) are likely correct.
500
Why did we measure the breakdown of ONPG instead of lactose?
Lactose and its products (galactose and glucose) are colorless. ONPG is also colorless. However, o-nitrophenol, produced upon the breakdown of ONPG, creates a yellow color. The more ONPG is broken down, the darker yellow the solution becomes. Therefore, we can measure the reaction's progression with a visible spectrophotometer, which relies on color wavelengths to work properly.
500
Given a RO2 (rate of O2 consumption) of 25 mL/min, how would you go about converting this to total MR (kcal/day)?
1. Convert mL to L: 0.001 L/mL 2. Convert L of oxygen to kcal of heat: 4.8 kcal/L 3. Convert minutes to days: 1440 min/day
500
Name the purpose (s) of mitosis AND meiosis.
Mitosis: growth, wound repair, replace old/dying cells, regeneration, binary fission Meiosis: produce gametes
500
What are the roles of salt, soap, and alcohol in DNA extraction?
Detergents in dish soap break open the cell membranes in the saliva, allowing their contents to leave the cell. Positively-charged sodium ions will cause the negatively-charged DNA molecules to solidify. Alcohol will cause the DNA to aggregate and clump together out of the solution.