Chapter 6
Which electron microscope creates a 2-D image of internal structures?
Transmission Electron Microscope
BONUS (50pts): name the other type of electron microscope and its function
Name the 3 types of vacuoles.
food, contractile, and central
BONUS (50pts): which one does plants have?
True or False. The rough ER has bound ribosomes while the smooth ER does not.
TRUE!!!
What concept describes how membrane allow only some material to pass through?
Selective permeability
BONUS (50pts): what kinds of molecules can pass through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion?
Glycolipids are carbohydrates bonded to ________.
Glycoproteins are carbohydrates bonded to _________.
lipids / proteins.
Cell fractionation is the process of taking cell apart and separates the major __________ from one another.
This organelle uses oxygen to break down fatty acids to use as fuel for respiration.
Peroxisomes
What kind of environment do lysosomes work best in?
Acidic
BONUS (50): Do acids have a higher OH- or H+ concentration?
What 3 factors contribute to membrane fluidity?
temperature, cholesterol, and hydrophobic interactions
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. What cell structure is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
Smooth ER
Which type of organism requires less relative energy input and why?
Prokaryotes - they have a smaller surface to volume ratio!
What are the four basic features of all cells?
plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes
This is the most abundant protein in the human body and they form strong fibers of the ECM.
Collagen.
BONUS (50pts): name 3 other types of proteins found in the ECM.
Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model.
Cell membrane is a mosaic of proteins, phospholipids, cholesterols, and carbohydrates. Membrane is fluid and help together by hydrophobic interactions.
Besides plants, what other organisms have cell walls?
prokaryotes, fungi, and protists
Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear matrix, nucleolus, chromosomes, chromatin
BONUS: 5pts each if include the function for each
Describe the function of the cytoskeleton and name the 3 main components found in it.
Function: supports the cell, maintains shape, cell motility
Components: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments.
BONUS (20pts): what are the two structures that aid in cell motility?
What is cytoplasmic streaming?
a circular flow of cytoplasm within plant cells, driven by actin-protein interactions
What are the 3 types of tonicity. (Extra points if you can describe them)
Hypotonic- solute concentration is greater than inside of cell
Hypertonic - solute concentration is less than inside of cell.
what membrane increases the surface to volume ratio in mitochondria?
cristae
List the organelles in the endomembrane system in order.
Hint: there's 7.
Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, Lysosome, Vacuoles, Plasma membrane
Describe the Endosymbiont Theory.
BONUS (100pts): name 3 evidence that support this theory.
Mitochondria and chloroplast have evolutionary similarities with bacteria. Scientists theorized that early ancestors might have engulfed prokaryotic cells, which then evolved into mitochondria (non-photosynthetic) and chloroplasts (photosynthetic).
3 evidence: both enveloped by a double membrane / both contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules / both grow and reproduce independently in cells.
Name all types of cell junctions and their functions.
plasmodesmata - connect plant cells, exchange of water and small solutes
tight junctions - prevent leakage of ECM fluid
gap junctions - provide cypolasmic channels between adjacent cells
desmosomes - fasten cell together in strong sheets.
Name all types of cell diffusion.
passive, osmosis, facilitated, active
Describe the chloroplast's structure and its function
Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Structure includes: thylakoids (membranous sacks, stacked to form a granum), and stroma (internal fluid)