Tissues
What are the four types of tissues and their main function?
epithelial:cover surfaces of the body
Connective: protection, support, binds organs together
Muscle: provide movement, excitable
Nervous: sending signals to communicate between regions, excitable
Pigment that exists in darker skinned people
Eumelanin
5 Functions of the Skeletal System
Supports the body
Facilitates movement
Protects internal organs
Produces blood cells
Stores and releases minerals and fats
first step of bone repair is called
Hematoma Formation
Which degree of a burn is the worst and why
3rd degree burn because it passes and destroys the adipose barrier reaching areas deeper
Cardiac Signs of Inflammation
1. Redness
2. swelling
3. pain
4. local heat
5. loss of function
5 functions of the Integumentary system are
protection, sensation, thermoregulation, Vitamin D production, excretion
Which type of bone cells can differentiate into osteoblasts or osteoclasts
osteogenic cell
What happens in Callus Formation during bone repair
macrophages clean up debris and osteoclasts break down dead bone tissue; soft scaffold for the formation of new bone tissue is formed
What does the ABCDE rule stand for?
asymmetry, Border, Color, diameter, evolution
Name the three sub-categories of Muscle Tissues and a few characteristics of each
Skeletal: striated , tubular, multinucleated, attached to bones and its contraction makes possible locomotion
Cardiac:forms contractile walls of the heart, striated with single cells
Smooth:involuntary movement in internal organs; no visible striations with single nuclei and short
Difference between Eccrine Sweat Gland and Apocrine Sweat Gland
Eccrine sweat gland:type of gland that produces a hydrotonic sweat for thermoregulation found all over the body’s surface, coiled glands ling deep in the dermis, with duct rising up to pore
Apocrine Sweat Gland: associated with hair follicles in densely hair areas, like armpits; larger than eccrine sweat glands and lies deeper in the dermis, the duct empties into the hair follicle
Name the nutrients you learned in lecture and their importance in the body
Calcium
Vitamin D (sun or diet)
Needed for calcium absorption in the intestines (regulation for calcium homeostasis), instruct bone cells to breakdown which releases calcium into blood, calcium retention in kidneys
Vitamin K
Supports bone mineralization may have synergistic effect with vitamin D
Magnesium
Structural component of bone
Fluoride
Structural component of bone
Omega-3 Fatty Acid
Reduces inflammation that may interfere with osteoblast function
Name the stage of bone repair that involves gaps being filled to form compact bone along the superficial surface by osteoblasts
Bone Remodeling
At what degree does the nurse give subcutaneous shots
45 degrees
Give a description and function for transitional epithelium.
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal, stretched readily thus found in the bladder
Name the layers from deep to superficial of thick skin
stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, stratum lucidium, and stratum corneum
Name the symptoms of hypocalcemia and ways the body reverts back to homeostasis
seizures, irritability and anxiety, muscle cramps, and heart failure
Osteoclasts release calcium, calcium is reabsorbed from the urine by the kidneys, and calcium absorption in small intestine increases via Vitamin D synthesis
Why is callus ossification so important
cartilage is replaced by woven spongy bone. The porous woven bone allows blood vessels to regrow through the injury site. These new vessels nourish osteoblasts to begin to produce bone.
prevents neurons from releasing neurotransmitters into the neuromuscular junction, thus causing flaccid paralysis
Name and give description of Loose Connective Tissue
Adipose: matrix is very sparse, Provides reserve fuel, insulates against heat loss, and protects organs under skin
Areolar: Wraps and cushions organs and plays an important role in inflammation, contains all three fiber types
Reticular: network of reticular fibers
Steps to vitamin D synthesis
Precursor molecule (7-dehydrocholesterol) in skin converted to cholecalciferol when exposed to UV light, which is released into the blood
Cholecalciferol is transported to liver, where it is modified and transported into the kidneys through the blood
At kidneys, the substance is again modified to form active Vitamin D (calcitriol) which stimulates the uptake of calcium and phosphate at the small intestine
What is the difference between communited and greenstick fracture
several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments i.e. high falls
a partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken
Name the five ways nurses can classify fractures
1. mechanism
2. soft tissue damage
3. displaced or non displaced
4. pattern of fracture
5. number of fragments
List the types of skin cancers from most common to least common and a little bit of information about them
Basal Cell Carcinoma- is the most common type of skin cancer in stratum basale; tumors often appear as an open sore that bleeds, oozes, and crusts. Can be reddish, shiny, pearly, bumpy. Removal or destruction of tumor cures most cases
Squamous Cell Carcinoma- is the second most common type of skin cancer. Affects cells in the stratum Spinosum and can appear as a wart like growth; scaly red patch, open sore. Growth is elevated with a central depression and may bleed. Removal or destruction of tumor cures most cases.
Melanoma- is the least common type of skin cancer but most deadly. Tumors arise from melanocytes making them appear pigmented. If melanoma invades dermis and other organs, treatment is difficult