Biodiversity
A short-term response to an environmental change
Acclimation
True or False: A predator must be present in an environment for a population to evolve?
False
What is the formula to calculate genotypic frequencies?
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
What are the three types of receptors?
Chemoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Photoreceptors
What is the only non-random mechanism of evolution?
Selection (artificial/natural)
Why are adaptations not perfect?
There are always trade-offs, and the environment is continuously changing
What are the five requirements for a population to be in HWE?
No natural selection, no gene flow, no genetic drift, no mutation, mating is random
A puffer fish can puff up to deter predators, an example of an inducible response, but also have certain organs that are poisonous when eaten. What type of response AND adaptation would the poisonous organs be?
Constitutive response, physiological adaptation
What are the three possible mechanisms of evolution?
Selection, genetic drift, gene flow
What determines whether an organism is biologically fit?
It's ability to survive AND reproduce
What are the four ways sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity in eukaryotes?
1. Random fertilization
2. Crossing Over
3. Independent Assortment
4. Mixing of genetic information from two gametes
A human sweats to cool down and maintain homeostasis when they are too hot. What a type of feedback loop would this be?
Negative feedback loop (seeks to reduce original stimuli)
What are the three ways variation is introduced in a population?
1. Altering gene number or position
2. Mutation (formation of new alleles)
3. Gene transfer (prokaryotes)/sexual reproduction (eukaryotes)
What is the most likely reason that a trait would remain in a population despite having no advantage for survival and reproduction?
Not all traits are adaptive
A random sample of 100 flowers was taken from a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 9 flowers were yellow and the rest are purple. Purple flowers are dominant to yellow flowers. What is the frequency of the heterozygous dominant genotype in this population?
0.42
Identify and describe the three ways horizontal gene transfer can occur.
Transduction, Transformation, Conjugation
How does natural selection lead to biological change? (4 components of Darwin's observations)
Variation in traits
Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support
Differential survival and reproduction
Survival and reproduction is not random
A population of white and brown rabbits are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Brown is dominant to white, with white having an allele frequency of 0.81. What is the percentage of heterozygous individuals in the population?
~ 31%