Meiosis/Miosis
During this phase of mitosis, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.
What is prophase?
Mendel’s work helped disprove the idea of blending inheritance. What key concept did his pea plant experiments support instead?
What is particulate inheritance?
These short sequences of DNA at the ends of chromosomes protect them from degradation during replication.
What are telomeres?
This type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?
In eukaryotes, these DNA sequences located near the gene help increase or decrease transcription when bound by specific proteins.
What are enhancers and silencers?
This phase of meiosis I is the longest and most complex, featuring synapsis, crossing over, and formation of chiasmata.
What is prophase I?
Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for a gene separate during this stage of meiosis.
What is Anaphase I?
Each nucleotide in DNA consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of these four nitrogenous bases.
What are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine?
During transcription, RNA is synthesized from DNA by this enzyme.
What is RNA polymerase?
This type of RNA is involved in regulating gene expression by binding to complementary mRNA and preventing translation.
What is microRNA (miRNA)?
Chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelopes reform, and the cell prepares to divide during this phase of mitosis.
What is telophase?
These are alternative forms of a gene that can result in different traits, such as eye color or blood type.
What are alleles?
During replication, this strand is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.
What is the lagging strand?
These sequences are removed from pre-mRNA, leaving only the coding sequences to be joined together.
What are introns?
These proteins bind to specific DNA sequences in promoters or enhancers to help recruit RNA polymerase and regulate transcription.
What are transcription factors?
This checkpoint ensures that all kinetochores are properly attached to spindle microtubules before anaphase can begin, preventing chromosome mis-segregation.
What is the M checkpoint?
: A cross between red and white flowers produces pink offspring. What inheritance pattern does this illustrate?
What is incomplete dominance?
During DNA replication, this enzyme unwinds the double helix and separates the strands so they can be copied.
What is helicase?
This type of RNA, along with amino acids, helps decode the mRNA sequence into a protein at the ribosome.
What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?
In prokaryotes, this cluster of genes is transcribed together under the control of a single promoter and can be turned on or off depending on environmental conditions.
What is an operon?
: During both mitosis and meiosis, this protein complex holds sister chromatids together along their arms and centromeres; its regulated cleavage by separase is required to allow chromatid separation.
What is cohesin?
Two individuals with genotype RrYy are crossed. Using the multiplication rule, what is the probability that the offspring will be rrYY?
What is 1/16?
In addition to storing information, DNA sequences called regulatory regions control when and how much of a gene is expressed, often interacting with these proteins.
What are transcription factors?
This type of mutation changes a codon so that it codes for a different amino acid, potentially altering the protein’s function.
What is a missense mutation?
This chemical modification of histone proteins adds an acetyl group, loosening chromatin structure and generally promoting gene transcription.
What is acetylation?