The study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye.
100
Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Prokaryotes
100
When are endospores formed, and what do they do?
They are formed when the bacterial cells are in crisis mode (lack of essential nutrients). They are extremely resistant and can create new cells when nurtients are available again.
100
What is going from DNA to RNA called, and what is RNA to an amino acid called?
Transcription, translation.
100
What are the six main macronutrients. Name at least 2 other micronutrients.
Macronutrients: N, S, P, O, H, C
Micronutrients: K, Mg, Ca, Fe
200
How large are bacteria?
1.0 um (micrometer)
200
What 3 things are nucleotides made up of? What are the four bases in DNA vs. RNA?
Made up of a phosphate, sugar, and N base. A, G, C, and T in DNA. A, G, C, and U in RNA.
200
How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes are larger, have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, and can perform endocytosis.
200
How many base pairs are in the bacterial chromosome and how many genes do they code for?
4,640,000 base pairs or 4.64 Mbp. Predict 4466 genes.
200
What is a bacterial growth factor? What do they help with?
These are vitamins that the bacterial cells need. They help with enzymatic reactions.
300
Who is the father of microbiology and first described microorganisms?
Antoj van Leeuwenhoek
300
What three components are phospholipids made up of? Where are phospholipids found in the cell?
2 fatty acids, phosphate, and glycerol. Found in the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram negative cells.
300
What's the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls?
Gram positive has thick peptidoglycan layer and inner membrane. Gram negative has outer membrane, thinner peptidoglycan layer, and inner membrane.
300
What are the enzyme that assists in translation, and the enzyme that assists in transcription?
Transcription - DNA polymerase
Translation - RNA polymerase
300
What is defined vs. complex media?
Defined - exact chemical composition is known.
Complex - usually derived from animal and plant products, where the exact composition is unknown.
400
Who disproved spontaneous generation, and how?
Louis Pasteur with his swan-necked flasks.
400
What are proteins made of? These monomers are connected by which bond? How many types of these monomers are there, and how many do humans need?
Amino acids. Peptide bonds. 20. 11.
400
What is the endosymbriant theory and which two organelles in eukaryotic cells are believed to be endosymbrionts?
It means that (mitochondria and chloroplasts) originated from bacteria.
400
What are plasmids and what do they do?
Plasmids + bacterial chromosome = total bacterial genome. They code for non-essential characteristics such as toxin production and antibiotic resistance.
400
What are selective medias? What are differential medias?
Selective - chemical added to discourage growth of unwanted bacteria.
Differential - shows differentiation between colonies.
500
What did Koch's postulates achieve, and what theory did he help to begin?
He helped develop the germ theory of disease. He isolated organisms to see if they were causing the disease.
500
List all of the cell's macromolecules in order of greatest to least (PRPLD PG)
What is the difference between pili/fimbrae and the glycocalyx? Explain both.
Pili/fimbrae help with attatchment. The glycocalyx can be a slime layer or capsule which helps with attatchment, but also provides the cell with protection.
500
TWO QUESTIONS IN ONE!
Explain translation in detail!
What is mutation vs. recombination?!
This question is worth double the points!
Translation: mRNA is taken and read, tRNA brings the amino acid to the mRNA. the anti-codons code. 3 bases for one codon. Then the polypeptide chains start to form.
Mutation can occur by insertions, deletions and base substitutions. Recombination occurs when a cell gives another cell some DNA.
500
State the energy source and carbon source for each.
Photoautotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Chemolithotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs
+100 for saying which one most bacteria are.
Photoautotrophs: light + CO2
Photoheterotrophs: light + organic compounds
Chemolithotrophs: inorganic chemical compounds + CO2
Chemoheterotrophs: both from organic compounds (most bacteria!)