Hormones
Immune System
Movement and Nerves
Nutrition
Water Balance and Circulation
100
An environmental toxin has been found to directly disrupt normal gamete production in women. What tissue or organ is the toxin likely localizing to?
1. Ovaries
2. Endometrium
3. Uterus
4. None of these
5. Oviduct
Ovaries
100
Which of the following is NOT an antigen presenting cell?
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
T-Cells
B-Cells
T-Cells
100
An individual has muscle cells that have an abnormally high level of intracellular calcium. The physician suspects that he may have a genetic defect affecting one of his organelles. Which organelle is likely to be the cause of this condition?
Mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Golgi body
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
100
What is the purpose of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
The hydrochloric acid turns the inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin, which breaks down proteins into amino acids. HCl is needed to make pepsins active so pepsin won't break apart the proteins in the stomach.
100
Mammals that have evolved at high altitude, such as llamas, have left-shifted hemoglobins compared to related species that occur at lower altitude. Which statement is correct?
a. Llama hemoglobins have acclimatized to enhance oxygen delivery in the lung.
b. Llama hemoglobins have adapted to enhance oxygen delivery in systemic tissues.
c. Llama hemoglobins have acclimatized to enhance oxygen delivery in systemic tissues.
d. Llama hemoglobins have adapted to enhance oxygen uptake in the lung.
Llama hemoglobins have adapted to enhance oxygen uptake in the lung.
200
A male gymnast is suspected for using anabolic steroids (i.e. testosterone) to enhance in his athletic performance. Which of the following would you expect to be decreased in his blood?
LH and FSH
GnRH only
LH, FSH, and GnRH
GnRH and LH
LH only
LH, FSH, and GnRH
200
When heart surgeries were initially performed on children, surgeons would sometimes discard the thymus because they did not know its function. These children would often die due to which lost function of the thymus?
T3 and T4 levels would decrease
T-cells could not be generated
T-cells would not be able to mature
Hypothyroidism would occur
B-cells would not be able to mature
T-cells would not be able to mature
200
During temporary periods of high stress, peristalsis in the digestive system is slowed. The slowing of this function is primarily mediated by
Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
None of the above
Sympathetic nervous system
200
Describe the difference between bile and lipase.
Both bile and lipase help in digesting lipids. Bile mechanically breaks down lipids into smaller particles while lipase breaks the small particles of lipids into monoglycerides and free fatty acids which can be absorbed.
200
Draw out the oxygen dissociation curve and explain what has to occur to shift the graph left (there are 3 things).
Decrease in temperature
Increased concentration of oxygen in the tissue and decreased carbon dioxide concentration
Increased pH
300
Why isn't the presence of progesterone used as an indicator of pregnancy in the home pregnancy test?
Progesterone is not present in the bloodstream
Progesterone is continuously secreted by the adrenal gland and the levels are not subject to any alterations as a result of pregnancy
Progesterone is not made exclusively by the fertilized zygote
Progesterone is secreted too late in the pregnancy to be of any diagnostic value
All of these
Progesterone is not made exclusively by the fertilized zygote
300
Suppose that a mutant plant is unable to make methyl salicylate. Explain why it is not likely to survive in the wild.
When one leaf on the mutant plant is chewed on by a herbivore, the damaged leaf would not be able to signal to the rest of the plant through systemic acquired resistance (SAR), so it would not be able to fend off future herbivore attacks elsewhere on the plant.
300
Muscle cramps are caused because of prolonged muscle contraction. Prolonged periods of muscle contraction occur because the myosin heads can’t detach themselves from the actin filaments. What is the most likely cause of muscle cramps?
Depleted ATP stores
Depleted sodium stores
Depleted calcium stores
Muscle microtears
Depleted ATP stores
300
A person who has over-functioning pancreatic alpha cells may display what clinical feature?
Decreased glucose levels
Increased digestion
Constipation
Elevated glucose levels
Elevated glucose levels
300
Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport?
a. Transport of K+ through K+ channels
b. Transport of glucose from the filtrate into kidney proximal tubule cells.
c. Transport of water through aquaporins
d. Transport of glucose out of kidney proximal tubule cells into the blood.
e. Transport of K+ into the cytoplasm by the Na+/K+ ATPase
Transport of glucose from the filtrate into kidney proximal tubule cells.
The proximal tubule uses the Na+ gradient set up by the Na+/K+ ATPase to drive glucose out of the filtrate, against its gradient.
400
Which of the following statements concerning hormonal transport is true?
All hormones require chylomicrons in order to move through the bloodstream
The thyroid hormones are able to move freely in the bloodstream
Steroid hormones are able to move freely through the bloodstream
Pancreatic hormones are able to move freely through the bloodstream
Pancreatic hormones are able to move freely through the bloodstream
400
A bacterium releases an antigen which causes a localized inflammation response in a cut. The inflammation itself is a result of?
Antigen aggregation stimulating bacterial evasive heating
Cytokine release by the host immune system
Increased volume of rapidly-replicating bacteria
Reduced blood flow to the cut site to prevent the infection from spreading to the bloodstream
Cytokine release by the host immune system
400
An action potential at one Node of Ranvier stimulates depolarization at its subsequent node by which of the following mechanisms?
vesicular transport of ions along the myelin sheath
Electron flow through the myelin sheath
Diffusion of ions through the cytoplasm
Exocytosis of neurotransmitter which diffuses to the subsequent node
Diffusion of ions through the cytoplasm
400
Why is the presence of clay particles important in soil?
a. They provide macronutrients-particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
b. They bind metal ions, which would be toxic if absorbed by plants.
c. They allow water to percolate through the soil, making oxygen rich air pockets available.
d. The negative charges on clay bind to positively charged ions and prevent them from being leached out of the soil.
The negative charges on clay bind to positively charged ions and prevent them from being leached out of the soil.
400
How is sap in the phloem moved against its concentration gradient?
Water potential is the sum of solute and pressure potential. The pressure is high near the source (leaf) which overwhelms the low solute potential so the sap is moved against its concentration gradient but along its pressure gradient.
500
Explain the mechanism by which plants bend towards light.
Blue light hits the plant and activates Phot I in the stem tissues which then activates auxin pumps. Auxin is redistributed to the dark side of the plant causing the cell walls to acidify and the shaded side of the plant to elongate and the plant to bend towards the light.
500
A plant defense mechanism in which a specific protein encoded by viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogen binds to a protein encoded by a plant gene and triggers a defense response in the plant
Secondary metabolite
Systemic acquired resistance
Hypersensitive response
Gene-for-gene hypothesis
Gene-for-gene hypothesis
500
A researcher discovers a mutant strain of contractile cells that will not contract under normal physiological conditions; however, when presented with extremely high concentrations of calcium, the cells contract. Which of the following mutations might be the cause of this phenotype?
A mutated calcium-binding domain of troponin that lowers the affinity for calcium ions
A mutated calcium-binding domain of tropomyosin that lowers the affinity for calcium
A mutated calcium-binding domain of troponin that increases the affinity for calcium ions
A mutated calcium-binding domain of tropomyosin that increases the affinity for calcium
A mutated calcium-binding domain of tropomyosin that lowers the affinity for calcium
500
How does inhibiting the H+ pump affect the ability of the root hair to get nutrients?
Inhibiting the pump would mean that no gradient was established so K+ would not diffuse into the cell. The cotransport of NO3- would not be able to continue either since it requires H+ from outside the cell to move with the NO3- into the cell
500
A researcher is analyzing two locations in the loop of Henle. His results indicate that a sample of filtrate from location A has a much higher solute concentration than a sample of filtrate from location B. Based on his results, what might the researcher conclude about the identity of the locations?
1. Location A is the descending limb of the loop of Henle because only water is reabsorbed in the descending limb
2. Location B is the ascending limb of the loop of Henle because both water and sodium are reabsorbed in the ascending limb
3. Location A is the ascending limb of the loop of Henle because both water and sodium are reabsorbed in the ascending limb
4. Location B is the descending limb of the loop of Henle because only water is reabsorbed in the descending limb
Location A is the descending limb of the loop of Henle because only water is reabsorbed in the descending limb