Development
Proteins that act like a "key and lock" on the surface of sperm and egg
What are bindin and fertilizin?
White blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens as part of innate immunity
What are phagocytes?
During filtration in the renal corpuscle, these large molecules stay in the blood while water and small solutes enter the nephron
What are proteins and cells?
A circular DNA molecule in bacteria, commonly engineered to carry a gene of interest
What is a plasmid?
The part of the neuron that receives incoming signals from other neurons
What are the dendrites?
The transition from a single-layered embryo to three layers
What is gastrulation?
The branch of immunity that is specific, slower to respond, and builds memory
What is the adaptive immune system?
The tubule segment of the nephron that reabsorbs two-thirds of the filtered water and Na⁺ and nearly all nutrients
What is the proximal tubule?
A type of gene therapy targets only body cells, so the introduced genetic changes are not inherited by offspring
What is Somatic Cell Gene Therapy?
The three phases of an action potential
What are depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization?
The germ layer that forms the nervous system and the epidermis
What is the ectoderm?
Long-lived cells that provide a faster and stronger response upon second exposure to a pathogen
What are memory B cells?
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water but not to these
What are electrolytes (salts/NaCl)?
This viral vector integrates new DNA into the host chromosome, allowing long-term expression but creating the risk of insertional mutagenesis
What is a retrovirus?
The pump that uses ATP to maintain the resting membrane potential
What is the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase?
A signaling molecule that creates concentration gradients to tell cells where they are and what to become
What is a morphogen?
The process that explains how only the B cell with the matching receptor proliferates after encountering an antigen
What is Clonal Selection?
At the top of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the filtrate is dilute and the remaining solute is mostly this molecule
What is urea?
GMO crop engineered to produce β-carotene in its endosperm to combat vitamin A deficiency
What is Golden Rice?
This phenomenon explains why action potentials travel only “downstream” along the axon
What is the refractory period?
The process by which groups of cells change shape, move, or rearrange to form tissues and organs
What is Morphogenesis?
A receptor that is made of two polypeptide chains, stays on the cell surface, and recognizes antigen only when associated with MHC
What is the T-cell receptor (TCR)?
Blood vessels that run alongside the loop of Henle and help maintain the medullary osmotic gradient
What are vasa recta?
Genome-editing system that uses a guide RNA to direct a nuclease to a precise DNA sequence, where a cut is made and repaired by the cell’s DNA repair machinery
What is CRISPR-Cas9?
Myelinated axons conduct signals faster because action potentials “jump” between these unmyelinated gaps
What are the Nodes of Ranvier?