Chemistry
Cells
Macromolecules
Membrane Transport
Random
100
What are the 3 subatomic particles found in an atom? What are their respective charges, and where can they be found in the atom?
Protons: +, nucleus
Neutrons: neutral/no charge, nucleus
Electrons: -, outer shell
100
What are the 2 major cell types/structures?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
100
What is a monomer?
Building blocks of polymers
100
What factors influence membrane fluidity/permeability?
Saturated/unsaturated fatty acid tails
Tail length
Presence or absence of cholesterol
100
Describe the structure of a phospholipid and whether each component is polar/non-polar and hydrophilic/hydrophobic
Polar, hydrophilic head
Non-polar, hydrophobic fatty acid tail
200
What is the charge of a cation? How did it receive this charge?
Positive, lost electrons
200
What are the 3 components of cell theory?
All living things are composed of one or more cells
Cells are the smallest units of life
New cells come from preexisting cells through cell division
200
What are the 4 basic types of macromolecules?
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
200
Compare active and passive transport
Passive transport: High concentration to low concentration (goes down concentration gradient), force is concentration gradient
Active transport: Low to high concentration (goes against the concentration gradient), uses energy (ATP)
200
Identify the symbol of each element:
Nitrogen
Titanium
Magnesium
Sodium
Nitrogen - N
Titanium - Ti
Magnesium - Mg
Sodium - Na
300
Draw a water molecule, labeling the atoms that make up the molecule and their partial charges.
300
Eukaryotic cells possess internal compartmentalization. What does this mean and how does this compare to prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells possess membrane bound organelles that separate the interior of the cell into different regions; prokaryotic cells have a more simple structure and do not have membrane bound organelles.
300
In a dehydration reaction, is water a reactant or product? What happens to monomers/polymers?
Water is a product, monomers combine to form polymers
300
When placed in a solution of water, a human skin cell bursts. This means that the solute inside the cell is ____ to the solution outside the cell.
Hypertonic
300
Use the following image to explain whether methane or methanol can more easily cross the lipid bilayer.
Methane: methane is nonpolar, methanol is polar (OH)
400
pH is the measure of the concentration of ________ in a solution.
H+ ions
400
Compare and contrast plant and animal cells.
Plant: Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles
Animal: No cell wall, lysosomes
Both: Nucleus, Eukaryotic, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria
400
Suppose an insect, which doesn't maintain a constant body temperature, was exposed to a shift in temperature from 60°F to 80°F. Which of the following types of membrane changes would be the most beneficial to help this animal cope with the temperature shift?
a. An increase in the number of double bonds in the nonpolar tails of phospholipids
b. An increase in the length of the nonpolar tails of phospholipids
c. A decrease in the amount of carbohydrate attached to membrane proteins
d. A decrease in the amount of carbohydrate attached to phospholipids
b. An increase in the length of the nonpolar tails of phospholipids
400
What is the difference between channel and transporter proteins?
Channel- Open passageway for facilitated diffusion of ions or molecules, gated
Transporter- Binds a solute and undergoes a conformational change to allow the movement of the solute across a membrane
400
When placed in a solution of water, a human skin cell bursts. Explains why this happens.
The solution outside of the cell was hypotonic to the inside/the inside of the cell is hypertonic to the outside.
500
Hydrogen bonds differ from covalent bonds in that
a. covalent bonds can form between two atoms of any type, but hydrogen bonds form only between H and O.
b. covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons, and hydrogen bonds involve complete transfer of electrons.
c. covalent bonds result from equal sharing of electrons, but hydrogen bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons.
d. covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between atoms, but hydrogen bonds are the result of weak attractions between a hydrogen atom of a polar molecule and an electronegative atom of another polar molecule.
d. covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between atoms, but hydrogen bonds are the result of weak attractions between a hydrogen atom of a polar molecule and an electronegative atom of another polar molecule.
500
Beginning with the nuclear envelope, list the steps in the pathway of the endomembrane system. Assume the vesicle leaves the cell.
Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicle, golgi apparatus, vesicle, plasma membrane, outside of cell
500
Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. How do the structural differences between them contribute to the differences in their properties?
Saturated=only single (C-C) bonds, unkinked, better able to stack tightly together, solids at room temperature
Unsaturated= one or more double (C—C) bonds, kink in the structure, usually liquids at room temperature.
500
Explain the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport.
Primary- Involves pumps that directly use energy (ATP) to transport a solute against a gradient, establishes electrochemical gradient
Secondary- Involves the use of a pre-existing gradient to drive the active transport of another solute.
500
Draw a diagram of the phospholipid bilayer. Be sure to include the 4 major components.
