Energy & Enzymes
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Light reactions and Calvin Cycle
Random
100
Cooking, running, heat, and sunlight are all examples of what form of energy?
Kinetic energy
100
What are the 4 steps of cellular respiration in order?
Glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, CAC, oxidative phosphorylation
100
Where does the energy to power photosynthesis come from?
Light/solar energy
100
Light behaves as both a ______ and a _______.
Wave, particle
100
How do enzymes increase reaction rates?
They lower the activation energy of a reaction by stabilizing the transition state
200
An exergonic reaction ______ energy while and endergonic reaction ______ energy.
Releases, requires
200
If O2 is absent, what happens to the products of glycolysis?
Enter fermentation where 1 glucose produces 2 ATP
200
What is a photoautotroph? Provide an example of one.
An organism that uses the energy from light to make organic molecules from inorganic sources. Ex: Algae, plants, cyanobacteria
200
How is light energy captured for photosynthesis?
Pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids)
200
What is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration? Label the redox reactions.
300
Why is ATP high in potential energy?
Repulsion between the negative charges in the phosphate groups
300
Identify the inputs and products of the citric acid cycle.
In: 2 Acetyl-CoA
Out: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4CO2, 2 ATP
300
What is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis? Label the redox reactions.
300
What happens to the electrons of an atom when light is absorbed?
They are boosted to an orbital with higher energy/excited state
300
Identify the inputs and products of oxidative phosphorylation.
In: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 O2
Out: 30-34 ATP, 6 H2O
400
Explain how feedback inhibition works.
The final product of the metabolic pathway binds to enzyme 1 and inactivates it by making it undergo a conformation change so substrate 1 can no longer attach to it.
400
What is the purpose of electron carriers throughout cellular respiration?
NADH and FADH2 take excess hydrogens from oxidation of glucose to oxidative phosphorylation for the reduction of O2 into H2O, deliver electrons to ETC
400
Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected.
Photosynthesis captures solar energy and stores it in glucose molecules
In cellular respiration, stored energy in glucose is transferred to ATP
ATP is used to power cellular work
400
What is the primary purpose of the ETC in PS II? PS I? (What do they produce?)
To produce ATP; to produce NADPH
400
Where do the excited electrons from the light reactions ultimately end up?
NADPH
500
What is phosphorylation? How does it work?
Phosphorylation makes endergonic reactions spontaneous by attaching a phosphate group (from the hydrolysis of ATP) to a reactant. This raises the potential energy of the reactants, allowing it to occur spontaneously
500
How is the proton motive force established? What is its purpose?
Passage of electrons between ETC components provides energy to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space; Movement of hydrogen ions down gradient provides energy for ATP synthase to produce ATP
500
Where does the Calvin cycle occur? What are the inputs and outputs of the step?
Calvin cycle
-occurs in stoma
-potential energy in ATP and NADPH (from light reactions) are used to build glucose
-Carbon dioxide is reduced into glucose, this reaction is driven by ATP
500
What are the 3 steps of the Calvin Cycle? Explain what occurs in each.
Fixation: CO2 is accepted into the cycle by the enzyme rubisco
Reduction: C6H12O6 is produced
Regeneration: Cycle regenerates itself to accept more CO2
500
Throughout cellular respiration, how many ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2, and H2O are produced total?
ATP: 34-38 (2 glycolysis, 2 CAC, 30-34 oxidative phosphorylation)
NADH: 10 (2 glycolysis, 2 breakdown of pyruvate, 6 CAC)
FADH2: 2 from CAC
CO2: 6 (2 breakdown of pyruvate, 4 CAC)
H2O: 6 from oxidative phosphorylation