Respiration Anatomy
Mechanics of Breathing
Gas Exchange
Spirographs & Spirometers
Bonus
100
What are the names of Structures A - G
Bonus 50 points if you can name the two structures not included in the bottom of the diagram
A. Nasal Passage
B. Pharynx
C. Epiglottis
D. Larynx (includes vocal chords)
E. Trachea
F. Bronchi/Bronchus
G. Bronchioles
- The Alveoli and the Diaphragm are the two structures not included in the diagram
100
What phenomena (physics) is created when we inhale that causes air to be drawn into our lungs?
A vacuum
100
Respiration is two main stages, followed by a third stage. What are the names of these stages?
External Respiration: the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs (alveoli) and the blood (inside alveolar capillaries)
Internal respiration: the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood (inside alveolar capillaries) and the cells of our body
Cellular Respiration: the conversion of oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide, water, heat and ATP (biological form of energy)
100
What is spirometer? What is it's function?
It is a tool that is used to measure lung capacity
100
If a Tree falls in the forest, and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound.
NO --> Correct Answer
YES --> ALSO CORRECT BUT LESS CORRECT ANSWER
200
What are the functions of Structures:
A, D & G or B, C and E
A. Nasal Passages: Moistens, warms and cleans incoming air!
- They moisten air by secreting mucus from mucus glands, they warm the air as it passes through as heat dissipates from blood vessels in the nasal passages. They are lined with ciliated cells which increase surface area, these ciliated cells clean the air by trapping and pushing the foreign particles back up into the nose & throat!
D. The Larynx is also known as the voice box as it contains the vocal cords. As air passes through the larynx it hits the vocal cords and causes them to vibrate which creates a sound. The larynx is made up of cartilage (firm connective tissue)
G. Bronchioles: passageway for air between the bronchi and the alveoli. They contain small pieces of cartilage to keep the airway open!
B. Pharynx: Passageway for air into the respiratory system, contains entryways to the eustachian tube in the ear, the mouth, and the nasal passages!
C. Epiglottis: small firm flap of cartilage. When breathing, the epiglottis is relaxed and in an upright position. When eating/drinking, the epiglottis covers the trachea!
E. Trachea (Windpipe) Passageway for air from the larynx and to the bronchi! Contains cartilaginous C-shaped rings to keep it from collapsing.
200
Describe the mechanical process of Inhalation
The intercostal (rib) muscles contract and draw the chest up and out.
The diaphragm contracts & flattens out, which draws the lungs down increasing their volume, but decreasing pulmonary pressure. This creates a vacuum which draws air into your lungs.
Pulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure
200
What is the name of this molecule? Explain the structure of the molecule and how it relates to the molecule's function
This is Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a quaternary protein (it has four sections). Each section of the molecule contains a heme group, and inside of the heme group is a molecule of Iron.
Hemoglobin is the molecule that binds to Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen in the red blood cells. Its quaternary structures allows for the binding of multiple oxygen molecules at one time, and the iron group helps hemoglobin bind to oxygen as it has a high affinity for it.
200
What is a spirograph?
A visual representation of lung capacity. Spirographs show the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath!
200
Finish the lyric: (100 bonus points for EFFORT AND PASSION)
She said do you love me?
I tell her only partly,
__ _____ ______ ________ _____ ___ ________ __ _________
Finish the lyric: (100 bonus points for EFFORT AND PASSION)
She said do you love me?
I tell her only partly,
I only love mahbed and my momma,
I'm sorry!
300
What is the name of the double-layered membrane that is attached to the outside of the lungs and the inner chest wall?
The Pleural Membrane: allows the lungs to move in response to the movement of the chest.
300
Describe the mechanical process of exhaling
The intercostal (rib) muscles relax and allow the chest to sink back downwards.
The diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original dome shape, this increases pulmonary pressure which causes air to rush out of out lungs.
Pulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
300
What causes the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the alveoli, capillaries & tissue cells.
Concentration gradients allow the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, however, partial pressure gradients also allow for this diffusion!
300
How many litres of air does your body ventilate per day?
Your TV should be ~ ______ mL
Your ERV should be ~ _______ mL
and your VC should be ~ ______ mL
11,000L
Tidal volume: Less than 600mL
Expiratory Reserve Volume:~1000mL
Vital Capacity: ~3000-6000mL
300
Which Canadian Prime Ministers daughter was a student at William Aberhart?
Stephen Harper's Daughter, Rachel Harper!
400
What is the function of the Alveoli? How is the structure of the Alveoli related to their function?
The alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system. In the alveoli, oxygen diffuses from the air into the blood (flowing in the alveolar capillaries), and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood (flowing in the alveolar capillaries) and into the alveoli to be exhaled!
Alveoli are made of spongy tissue, which allows the to expand and contract easily in response to breathing. The alveoli are also highly folded (membranous sacs), this increases the surface area in the lungs which increases the efficiency of gas exchange. The alveoli are one cell thick, which facilitates gas exchange. And finally, the alveoli are moist which helps with the diffusion of gases during gas exchange!
400
Describe how this machine mimics the mechanics of breathing
In the diagram, when you pull on the balloon it acts like the diaphragm increasing volume and decreasing pressure in the bell jar. This draws air into the tube causing the balloons to inflate, just like the lungs. (Inhalation)
When the balloon is released, it acts like the diaphragm decreasing volume and increasing pressure in the bell jar. This increase in pressure causes air to rush out of the balloons and through the tube just like the lungs. (Exhalation)
400
Describe the process of converting Carbon dioxide in gas exchange in the tissues and in the lungs (Groups take sections of the whiteboard)
In Tissues (Carbon dioxide diffuses into the Red Blood Cell)
At Lungs
400
Which volumes/capacities do the Letter A-H represent on this spirograph?
A = Inspiratory Reserve Volume
B = Tidal Volume
C = Expiratory Reserve Volume
D = Residual Volume
E = Total Lung Capacity
F = Vital Capacity
G = Inspiratory Capacity
H = Functional Residual Capacity
400
How many songs does Taylor Swift Have? (Closest #)
According to my research, she has 274 songs!
500
What is the function of the diaphragm?
The diaphragm is a long thin muscle located below the lungs, it contracts and flattens during inhalation to increase lung volume. It relaxes and returns to its original dome shape and decreases lung volume.
500
Explain everything you know about hiccoughs
What is physically happening when you get the wind knocked out of you?
Caused by a spasm of the diaphragm (what causes these spasms is unknown) --> Air hits vocal cords = "hic" sound
Getting hit in the stomach or the back can cause the diaphragm to spasm, which causes the muscle to tense and stop functioning properly. This is only temporary, taking regular breaths in and out will help reset the diaphragm.
500
Describe the process of exchanging oxygen & carbon dioxide in the capillaries and in the lungs (Groups take sections of the whiteboard)
500
What is the IRV, TV, and RV of this spirograph?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume:
80 ml/kg - 37 ml/kg = 43 ml/kg
Tidal Volume:
37 ml/kg - 30 ml/kg = 7 ml/kg
Reserve/Residual Volume =
15 ml/kg - 0 ml/kg = 15 ml/kg
500
Why are there handles on the walls in the Gorilla Enclosure at the Calgary zoo?
Let's see who is listening to Mr. Taylor when he speaks!
Because Gorillas have very similar stomachs to human beings. But the Western lowland gorillas at the zoo are strictly vegetarian, unfortunately most vegetables contain cellulose and lignin which are hard to digest.
The gorillas use the handles to prop themselves up after they chew their food, so they can spit it back up into their hands. This helps break down the tough compounds in their food, they will do this ~6 times before swallowing!
MEET THE FAMILY:
Left Yewande, Right Kioja
- Yewande: 15-year-old, female. She was born at the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo on May 15, 2008.
- Jasiri: 24-year-old, male silverback. He was born at Zoo Atlanta on June 21, 1998 and arrived in Calgary in June 2019 from Zoo Atlanta.
- Zuri: 26-year-old, female. She was born at Cheyenne Mountain Zoological Park on December 31, 1996 and came to the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo on April 26, 2001. Zuri is Yewande’s mom making her the infant’s grandmother.
- Kioja: 22-year-old, female. She was born at the Bronx Zoo on January 24, 2001 and came to the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo on May 21, 2009. Kioja is Dossi’s half-sister.
- Dossi: 22-year-old, female. She was born at the Bronx Zoo on February 4, 2001 and came to the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo on May 21, 2009. Dossi is Eyare’s mom.
- Eyare: 1-year-old, female. She was born at the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo on April 20, 2022. Eyare is the half-sister to the infant as they share the same father, Jasiri.