Introduction to the Human Body
Which characteristic is unique to nervous tissue compared to muscle, epithelial, and connective tissue?
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Ability to conduct electrical impulses
Oxygen is a small, non‑polar gas molecule. How does it enter cells?
Simple diffusion across the membrane
A nurse administers 0.9% NaCl to a patient. This solution is considered:
Isotonic
When body temperature rises, sweat glands increase activity to cool the body. As temperature returns to normal, sweating decreases. This is an example of:
Negative feedback
A 19‑year‑old soccer player feels tenderness in his left patella after a collision. The left patella is in what location relative to his left tibial tuberosity?
Proximal
A slice through the abdomen shows both the liver and the stomach from top to bottom, as if looking down into the body. This is a:
Transverse section
You are studying a tissue sample and observe goblet cells among the epithelial cells. What is a likely function of this tissue?
A. Absorption of nutrients B. Secretion of mucus C. Filtration of blood D. Transmission of electrical impulses
Secretion of mucus
A solution contains 150 mM KCl and 100 mM urea. What is the total osmolarity?
250 mOsm
You step outside on a hot day and begin to sweat. Which organ system is functioning as the effector?
Integumentary system
A 48‑year‑old woman experiences tingling in her right fingers. Her fingers are in what location relative to her right elbow?
Distal
What organ systems physiological functions are to maintain posture, generate heat, and produces voluntary body movements?
Muscular System
A researcher identifies a gene that codes for a steroid‑synthesizing enzyme. Where is this gene located?
In the nucleus on a chromosome
Which situation will cause water to move into a cell?
A. The extracellular fluid has a higher solute concentration B. The intracellular fluid is hypertonic to the extracellular fluid C. The cell is placed in an isotonic solution D. Solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell
The intracellular fluid is hypertonic to the extracellular fluid.
During childbirth, stretching of the cervix triggers the release of oxytocin, which increases uterine contractions, causing more stretching and more oxytocin release. This is an example of:
Positive feedback
A 10‑year‑old boy develops severe pain in the right lower quadrant along with nausea and fever. His pediatrician advises immediate evaluation because it might be:
Appendicitis
Insulin is produced by the pancreatic islets. The pancreas is part of which organ system?
Endocrine system
A biopsy shows cells with many lysosomes. What does this suggest about the tissue?
A. It is actively breaking down debris or pathogens B. It is producing steroid hormones C. It is involved in gas exchange D. It is storing calcium
It is actively breaking down debris or pathogens.
You run a marathon and sweat heavily. Why might your cells shrink if you only replace water and not electrolytes?
The extracellular fluid becomes hypotonic
A genetic disorder causes a buildup of damaged organelles and cellular waste. Which cellular structure is most likely not functioning properly?
Lysosomes
A woman is stung by a bee and quickly develops swelling of her lips and difficulty breathing. Which organ system is being compromised?
Respiratory system
Match each feedback loop component with the organ system that performs it during body temperature regulation:
A. Thermoreceptors in the skin B. Hypothalamus C. Sweat glands
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Integumentary system
A → 1 B → 2 C → 3
A cell is producing large amounts of digestive enzymes for secretion. Where are these enzymes synthesized?
Rough ER
A solution contains 50 mM NaCl, 50 mM KCl, and 100 mM urea. What is the total osmolarity?
300 mOsm
In an untreated allergic reaction, swelling of the airway prevents normal ventilation. Which homeostatic variable becomes unstable first?
Blood oxygen levels
A mutation in a gene prevents the cell from producing a functional RNA polymerase enzyme. Which cellular process will be directly disrupted?
RNA synthesis