DNA
DNA is made with this sugar
What is deoxyribose
There is a hydrogen at the second carbon rather than a hydroxyl group
Sugar in RNA is ribose
The correct model of DNA replication is this
What is semiconservative
Each molecule of DNA consists of one parent strand and one new strand
All the combined steps of making protein from DNA is referred to as this
What is the Central Dogma of Biology
DNA ->transcription->mRNA->translation->proteins
This is the RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosomes
What is transfer RNA
A sequence of DNA that has more than one source
What is recombinant DNA
Built by the enzyme restriction endonuclease cleaving DNA at a specific palindrome, than a new segment of DNA is inserted
These people determined that DNA was the genetic material rather than proteins
Who are Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod
This strand of DNA is continuously replicated
What is the leading strand
The 3' to 5' strand
Only needs an RNA primer and DNA Polymerase III
This strand of DNA is the one that is transcribed
What is the template/ antisense strand (3' to 5')
This is the amino acid that start codon is associated with
What is Methionine
The start codon is AUG
The stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA and do not code for any amino acids
This enzyme is used to convert RNA into DNA
What is reverse transcriptase
Resulting DNA is called complementary DNA (cDNA)
This nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not RNA
What is thymine
Replaced by uracil in RNA
Other bases are adenine, guanine, and cytosine
This enzyme is involved in the removal of RNA primers
What is DNA Polymerase I
Primase puts RNA primers on lagging strand (5' to 3')
DNA Poly III builds Okazaki fragments
DNA Poly I removes primers and replaces them with DNA
Ligase joins Okazaki fragments
The genetic code is this because more than one codon can create the same amino acid
What is degenerate
This ribosome associates with and decodes mRNA
What is the small subunit
The large subunit is where the polypeptide chain is built and associates with tRNA
This technique is used to amplify specific segments of DNA and can be used in various diagnostic tests
What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Three steps (Denaturation (high temp), Annealing (low temp), DNA synthesis (intermediate temp))
Required components: Taq polymerase, template DNA, primers, DNA bases
These bonds hold together adjacent nucleotides
What are phosphodiester bonds
Forms between phosphate group at 5' carbon and hydroxyl at 3' carbon
Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases hold strand of DNA together
Due to the linear nature of eukaryotic DNA, these are found at the ends in order to prevent degradation
What are telomeres
Built by telomerase rather than replication
Prokaryotic DNA is circular and in a single strand
This is the upstream region of DNA where the RNA Polymerase binds to initiate transcription
What is the Promoter
This part of the tRNA pairs up with the set of bases in the mRNA
What is the anticodon
Codon is the 3 base sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA
When a gene is made nonfunctional at all times in all tissues, it is referred to as this
What is a Conventional Knockout
Conditional KO is deleted at certain times and/or in certain tissues
DNA is antiparallel because it has this
What is opposite polarity
One strand terminates with the 5' end and the other terminates with the 3' end
This method of DNA repair removes a single incorrect base, rather than a whole region
What is Mismatch Repair
These parts of the mRNA will code for proteins and is kept when mRNA is spliced
What are exons
Intron are removed during splicing
Other eukaryotic mRNA modifications are the 5' cap and 3' poly-A-tail
A point mutation that results in the formation of an early stop codon
What is a nonsense mutation
The pluripotent nature of these cells allows them to be used in regenerative therapy
What are stem cells