Replication
Transcription
Translation
Regulation
Lab
100
What is deamination vs depurination?
Deamination is when an amine group (NH3) is removed by mistake, and depurination is when a purine is removed (adenine/guanine)
100
_____ are mRNA segments that are expressed while _____ are mRNA segments that are cut out.
Exons, Introns
100
mRNA is read from the ____ end to the ____ end
5' to 3'
100
Repressor protein is allosterically ________ (inhibited or activated) by ________
inhibited, lactose
100
If none of our e.coli colonies took in our plasmid, and were spread onto a plate that that had just LB, what would we see on the plate
Lawn, because there's no kanamycin to kill anything off
200
Draw out DNA polymerase III in e.coli.
200
Why is alternative splicing beneficial?
DIFF mature mRNAs can come from different primary mRNA transcripts
200
What's the diff between missense and nonsense?
Missense = codes for wrong AA
Nonsense = codes for nothing instead
200
High glucose concentration leads to _____ transcription of the lac operon
Low
200
What are ddNTPs and dNTPS, and what do they do?
ddNTPs: missing an -OH so they end DNA synthesis (since DNA polymerase attached itself to that -OH group)
dNTPs: have an -OH group, so DNA can keep synthesizing
300
What are telomeres and why are they important?
Telomeres are synthesized by telomerase, theyre "nonsenese DNA" added to the ends of our DNA during fetal development to protect against end replication problem (where the very ends of DNA can't be replicated)
300
What does AAUAAA sequence do?
Cleavage factors recognize the AAUAAA sequence and hop off CTD and onto mRNA, so the mRNA is cut from RNA sequence, and poly A Polymerase can bind and add the poly A tail
300
t-RNA enters at the ____ site, is catalytically attached to the growing polypeptide at the ____ site, and exits from the ____ site
A, P, E
300
How is CAP binding affected by present glucose?
Glucose present -> glucose inhibits adenylate cyclase -> ATP isn't converted to cAMP->no cAMP- no cAMP to bind to CAP -> CAP doesn't have induced shape change -> can't bind to CBS to help RNA Poly stabilize
300
What was the synthetic strategy used in the kinetics lab and why did we use it?
-pNPG
-because when cleaves, the anionic version is light absorbing, so we could use spectrophotometry to measure course of the enzymatic rxn
400
What are the common features of general DNA Excision Repair Pathways?
-Defect Recognition
-Damaged protein excised
-new DNA synthesized - phosphodiester backbone sealed w ligase
400
How does splicing occur?
400
Once AA's on tRNA are positioned on P and A sites, what catalyzes peptide bond formation?
Ribozyme (part of large rRNA subunit) = synthesizes peptide bonds, while also breaking covalent bonds between the AA, its' P site and its' tRNA
400
Histone Acetylation by HATs modifies histone tails to _______ transcription. HDACs do the opposite.
promote
400
How does the computer in Sanger Sequencing determine what base is what?
The ddNTPs are colored, based on that color, the computer can decide what base is there
500
Draw out the process of how the lagging and leading strand is synthesized in e.coli DNA replication.
500
Describe step-by-step transcription initiation event:
TBP recognizes promoter sequence, it binds and bends DNA to make it more accessible, TFIIH-2's helicase unwinds double-stranded DNA, TFIID sits on top of promoters and recruits other transcription factors, RNA polymerase II comes and positions itself instead, TFIIH-2' kinase phosphorylates RNA POLY II CTD which allows RNA polymerase II to start moving
500
Translation is initiated by ___________ which attract the ________ ribosomal subunit which begins to scan the mRNA for the ______ codon with the sequence ____. Translation is stopped when it reaches the stop codon which causes ____________ to release the ribosomal subunits, newly formed protein, and mRNA
Initiation Factors, 30S or small, start, AUG. Release
500
How can gene regulation occur through changes in chromatin structure? What is it called when genes are permanently silenced?
-addition of methyl groups onto DNA nucleotides
-heterochromatic state
500
What was the point of the agarose nickel beads when the BglB protein was being purified?
The BglB protein formed bonds with the Ni in the agarose beads, so the remaining proteins and DNA can get washed off the columns.