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The Cytoskeleton
Gene expression
Mitosis and asexual reproduction
Meiosis and sexual reproduction
Mendelian genetics
100
Microtubules are involved in
Chromosome segregation
100
The genetic code is _____ but not ____
the genetic code is redundant but unambiguous
100
What is the difference between Haploid and Diploid cells
Haploids Have a chromosome complement consisting of just one copy of each chromosome; designated 1n. Diploid has 2n
100
What do you call the region where sister chromatids join.
The centromere
100
Three nucleotides in messenger RNA that direct the placement of a particular amino acid into a polypeptide chain.
Codon
200
Microfilaments control cell _____ , _____ & cell _____
Microfilaments control cell shape, movement and cell division
200
Explain the role of a promoter in eukaryotic gene expression
specifies where RNA Polymerase initiates transcription and specifies which strand will be used as the template during transcription
200
Name three differences between mitosis and meiosis
asexual vs sexual diploids produced vs haploids produced potential to makes any kind of cell vs only gametes produced
200
What do you call the cell created by the union of two gametes, in which the gamete nuclei are also fused. The earliest stage of the diploid generation.
Zygote
200
During meiosis, the random separation of genes carried on nonhomologous chromosomes into gametes so that inheritance of these genes is random. This principle was articulated by Mendel as his second law.
Independent assortment
300
Name the three types of filament networks unique to eukaryotic cells
1. Microtubules 2. Microfilaments 3. Intermediate Filaments
300
Name the three types of protein modification that result in mature protein (post-translational modification)
1. Glycosylation: which sugars are added, important for targeting and recognition 2. Cleavage: Cleavage of polypeptide allows the fragments to fold into different shapes 3. Phosphorylation: phosphate groups are added, important for shape of protein
300
Explain the difference between a chromosome, a chromatid and a chromatin
Chromatin: The nucleic acid–protein complex that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. Chromosome: a structure composed of DNA and proteins that bears part of the genetic information of the cell. Chromatid: Condensed chromosome
300
The stage in cell nuclear division at which the first separation of sister chromatids (or, in the first meiotic division, of paired homologs) occurs.
Anaphase II
300
explain incomplete dominance
Condition in which the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.
400
What does MTOC stand for and give one example of a MTOC
The centrosome
400
Name the three types of RNA processing methods, their function and where they take place
1. Capping: Capping of 5' end of RNA and addition of a modified guanine nucleotide. Takes place in nucleus 2. Polyadenylation: Polyadenylation of the 3' end of RNA describes the post-transcriptional addition of 200-300 adenine nucleotides, pre-mRNA being cleaved 10-30 bases downstream of a polyadenylation site and polyA polymerase then the addition of an "A" tail to 3'OH of the RNA. Takes place in nucleus 3.Splicing: Removal of specific internal segments of pre-mRNA (Introns) that happens in the nucleus. Introns must be removed to generate proper ORF
400
What happens during cytokinesis and what is involved
The division of the cytoplasm of a dividing cell. Microfilaments form contractile ring
400
Pertaining to an individual, meiotic product, or chromosome in which genetic materials originally present in two individuals end up in the same haploid complement of genes.
Recombination
400
An AaBBCcDdee individual is crossed to an aaBbCcDdEe individual. What is the probability that one of its progeny will have the genotype aaBbccddEe or AaBBCCddee? Assume that the five genes are unlinked
probability of aa = 1/2 probability of Bb = 1/2 probability of cc = 1/4 probability of dd = 1/4 probability of Ee = 1/2 probability of aaBbccddEe 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/4 x 1/4 x 1/2 = 1/128
500
Explain Axonal Transport
Motor proteins bind to both vesicles and microtubules Use energy of ATP hydrolysis to "walk" up or down microtubules,carrying its cargo.
500
_RNA is involved in peptide bond formation.
rRNA
500
The nuclear envelope breaks down during
Prometaphase
500
Name all the sources of genetic variation for organisms that reproduce sexually
independent assortment of chromosomes random fusion of gametes recombination mutation
500
1. The two alleles for each character separate (segregate) during gamete production: are reunited by fertilization. 2. The segregation of alleles into gametes for one trait is independent of the segregation of alleles for a second tra
What are MENDEL’S 2 LAWS OF GENETICS