Hemoglobin / O2
A hemoglobin has _____ subunits. They consist of two ____ and two ______ subunits in an adult male.
Four. Alpha and Beta
Name the three layers of the heart
Endocardium, myocardium, endocardium
Cardiac cells depolarize adjacent cardiac cells via
Gap junctions / intercalated discs
Can dead heart tissue depolarize?
What is the cardiac output equation?
CO = HR x SV
True or False. Carbon Monoxide has a higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen AND carbon dioxide
True of False, the pulmonary artery consists of oxygenated blood that carries blood away from the heart to the lungs.
False
True or False, The action potential being sent to the AV node is much more slower than the SA node.
True
Where are the three leads on our body and what charges are they?
Lead 1: (RA- and LA+)
Lead 2: (RA- and LL+)
Lead 3: (LL+ and LA-)
If you were to add (EPI) to the heart, what kind of shift would we see in the frank starling curve?
Up shift, heart works harder
Muscles. Hyperbolic
10%
What three ions are released from gap junctions in order for depolarization / repolarization to occur in myocytes.
Calcium, sodium, potassium
What is happening in each of the waves of an ECG?
(p,q,r,s,t)
P - Atrial depolarization
QRS - Ventricle depolarization
T - repolarization
(not new) but what are the 5 steps of the cardiac cycle
Ventricular filling, atrial systole, isovolumetric ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
High levels of CO2, temp, BPG, and a lower pH
List the flow of blood from the vena cava to the aorta (body)
Right atrium, tricuspid, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, (lungs), pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
List the entire conduction pathway of the heart
SA node, Av node, bundle of His, bundle branches purkinje fibers
A patient has 4 R-R waves every 2 seconds. What would this patients heart rate (bpm) be?
120bpm
If EDV increases, what would happen to contractility, stroke volume, and cardiac output?
Everything increases. The heart needs to work harder and use more energy.
A 68-year-old male presents to the emergency room with confusion, fever, and shortness of breath. His wife reports he has had a productive cough for three days. Chest X-ray shows right lower lobe consolidation consistent with pneumonia. Blood cultures later grow Streptococcus pneumoniae.
What type of oxygen dissociation shift might you observe in the patient and why?
Right shift
A pt presents to the ER after collapsing from chest pain while shoveling his side walk. He claims to have crushing chest pain, shortness of breath, and nausea. After labs and imaging, they conclude that the left side of the ventricle underwent infarct.
What coronary artery could have bursted to cause this scenario?
Left coronary artery (widow maker)
A 68-year-old male with a history of hypertension and coronary artery disease is brought to the ER after collapsing at work. He says he regained awareness but appears confused and extremely fatigued. He has a HR of 32 and his EKG shows no consistent relationship between P waves and the QRS complex. What type of heart failure is this and what part of the conduction system failed? (why?)
3rd degree heart block and failure of the AV node
A 64-year-old female presents to the ER complaining of worsening leg swelling that is cool to the touch and abdominal bloating over the past 2 weeks. She also reports increasing fatigue and shortness of breath, especially when walking short distances. She sleeps on two pillows but denies sharp chest pain. She has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
If you were to do an MEA on this patient, what kind of shift would you observe and why?
Right sided shift. The right side of the heart is failing so it begins to work harder and grow more muscle.
A 68 year old male is brought in to the ER for severe chest pain, shortness of breath, and dizziness. They have a history of hypertension and smoking. The doctor diagnoses the patient with an infarction of the left anterior descending artery.
What kind of shift might we see in the frank starling curve? Why?
Downward shift. No contraction due to dead muscle tissue, impaired contraction, stroke volume then goes down.