Major Regions of the Brain
What are the 4 majors regions of the brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
What is white matter made up of
What is gray matter made up of
white- myelinated axons
gray- neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
List the four mechanisms that help support and protect the brain
1) Bone of the Skull
2) Cranial Meninges
3) Cerebrospinal Fluid
4) Blood-Brain Barrier
What is the cerebrum
largest, topmost region of the brain
What is the diencephalon
the central forebrain region located above the brainstem, below the cerebrum
How many hemispheres does the cerebrum have, and how many lobes per hemisphere?
2 hemispheres, 5 lobes per hemisphere
how is white matter organized
as tracts in the CNS
What role do cranial meninges play in protecting/supporting the brain?
1) It separates and supports soft tissue from bony skull
2) It encloses and protects blood vessels
3) It contains and circulates CSF
4) 3 connective tissue layers (PAD)
what are the functional areas of the cerebrum (name what you can)
- primary motor cortex- motor control
- primary visual cortex- visual association area
- primary auditory cortex- auditory association area
- motor speech area- broca area
- frontal eye field- regulates eye movement
- premotor cortex- coordinates learned, skilled activities
- primary somatosensory cortex- somatosensory association area
- primary olfactory cortex- odor information
- primary gustatory cortex- taste information
FUNCTION BRAIN REGIONS ARE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND WERNICKE AREA
what are the two noted structures in the epithalamus
1) pineal gland- secretes melatonin
2) habenular nuclei- relays signals to midbrain and is involved in visceral/emotional response to odor
What is the diencephalon made up of
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus
how is gray matter organized
cortex- superficial layer and nucleus (center)- region close to surface or deep within the brain
how does CSF work?
It is a liquid cushion made up of ependymal glial cells that keep the brain afloat
T/F: voluntary control of skeletal muscle is associated with the somatic sensory system
FALSE. it's involved with the somatic motor control/neurons
what is the thalamus considered
a "bridge and filter" for sensory info to reach its final destination. the thalamus receives all signals except olfaction. these lateral masses contain 12 thalamic nuclei
What is the brainstem made up of?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
what are peduncles and funiculi and how do they relate to white matter
peduncles connect 2 regions of the brain
funiculi are subdivisions of tracts within the spinal cord
they relate to white matter because they are considered tracts
what does the blood-brain barrier do
it is a filtration system that decides what can pass through the brain
TRUE
what is the hypothalamus/infundibulum?
hypothalamus- control center for automated and subconscious processes
infundibulum- stalk of pituitary extending from hypothalamus
How is the cerebellum generally organized?
The outer surface is folded
Contains gyri (ridges) and sulci (depressions/fissures between gyri)
what are the functions of white and gray matter
white- relaying signals
gray- neuron signaling, processing, and integration
list the cranial meninges connective tissue layers from deepest to most superficial
1) Pia mater
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Dura mater
The cerebrum is the center of:
intelligence, reasoning, thought, memory, and judgment
what all does the hypothalamus control and regulate?
controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
regulates body temperature, food and water intake, circadian rhythm, and emotional behavior