Ezymes & Energy
What is a biological catalyst called?
BONUS (+50): What does it decrease in a reaction?
What is an enzyme?
BONUS: What is activation energy?
What is the body's preferred energy source?
BONUS (+50): What type of Biomolecule is it?
What is glucose?
BONUS: Carbohydrate, Sugar and/or Saccharide
What is the mV of the Resting Membrane Potential?
BONUS (+50): What pump is responsible for maintaining this voltage?
What is -70 mV?
BONUS: What is the Na+/K+ Pump?
What is the function of sensory receptors?
BONUS (+50): When sensory receptors are stimulated, what type of potentials do they produce?
What is to transduce modality into Action potentials?
BONUS: What are Generator potentials?
What are the two big factors that influence enzymatic activity?
BONUS (+50): What does enzyme activity mean?
What are Temperature and pH?
BONUS: What is the rate at which substrate is converted to product by an enzyme?
What do you call reactants that use enzymes?
BONUS (+50): What are the "pockets" called where reactions take place?
What are Substrates?
BONUS: What are active sites?
What is the first stage in Cellular Respiration?
BONUS (+100): Where does it occur? Does it require the presence of Oxygen? What is the net products?
What is Glycolysis?
BONUS: Occurs in the Cytoplasm. Does not require the presence of Oxygen.
1 molecule of Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvates (pyruvic acid), 2NADH's and a net of 2 ATP.
What is the term used if only one ion can diffuse?
Bonus (+50/each): For example, Potassium and Sodium. What are its values?
What is an Equilibrium Potential?
BONUS: What is Ek = -90 mV? What is ENa = +66 mV?
How are sensory receptors divided by location?
Bonus: (+50/each) what is an example of each?
What are General (cutaneous) receptors and special sense receptors?
Bonus:
General (Cutaneous): epithelial surface (touch, pressure, temperature and pain).
Special sense: sensory organs (hearing, sight, and equilibrium)
What happens to the intermediates produced in Glycolysis if Oxygen is NOT present?
BONUS (+50): What is the function of this process?
What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?
BONUS: To prevent End-product inhibition and to regenerate NAD+ to prevent glycolysis from breaking down.
If something was phosphorylated, what enzyme was used?
BONUS (+50): If dephosphorylation occurred, what enzyme would be responsible?
What is Kinase?
BONUS: What is Phosphatase?
What is the function of the Kreb's cycle?
BONUS (+100): Where does it occur? What is the first product produced? What are the net products?
What is the complete breakdown of what remains of glucose, complete catabolism.
BONUS:
Occurs in the Mitochondrion.
Citric acid ("Citric acid cycle")
Net products: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 and 2 ATP.
What causes Voltage-gated Na+ channels to open?
Bonus (+50): What is the mV?
What is a depolarization event?
BONUS: What is -60 mV?
What are the two types of sensory receptor responses?
BONUS (+50): What does strength of stimuli determine about AP?
What are Tonic and Phasic?
Tonic: respond at constant rate as long as stimulus is applied, ie: pain.
Phasic: respond with burst of activity but quickly reduce firing rate, adaptation. ie: smell and touch.
BONUS: What is frequency? Strength increases = frequency of AP increases.
What two factors affect speed of an AP, during axon conduction?
BONUS (+50): What is it called when AP jumps from node to node?
What are the size of axons or diameter (directly related) and myelin sheaths?
BONUS: What is Saltatory Conduction?
What is the composition and function of both Cofactors and Coenzymes?
BONUS (+50): What is an example of a Coenzyme?
What are metal ions that make up Cofactors and change conformation of enzyme's active sites?
What are vitamins that make up Coenzymes and act as "shuttles" that carry molecules to enzymes to be catalyzed?
BONUS: What are NAD+ and FAD+?
Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place? How much ATP is produced?
BONUS (+100): What theory helps to drive diffusion? Explain.
What is the mitochondrion? Specifically, the intermembrane space. 34 ATP produced.
BONUS: What is the Chemiosmotic Theory? A double gradient composed of a Chemical and Electrical concentration difference. Chemical being Hydrogen and Electrical the Hydrogen Protons (+).
What happens when we reach our maximum mV amplitude? What is the value?
BONUS (+50): What occurs after the maximum amplitude? What type of channel is open and what event does it cause?
What is the VG Na+ Inactivation Gate closing? What is +30 mV?
BONUS: What are VG K+ channels open, efflux of K+ occurs? What is a Hyperpolarization event.
Describe the pathway for sound with the major structural components.
Bonus +50 pts: What is the organizational map used to distinguish sound called?
Hearing pathway:
Sound enters external auditory meatus > tympanic membrane (eardrum) > vibrations travel through bony ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) > Oval window > Scala vestibuli's perilymph > waves in perilymph move the endolymph in the Cochlear Duct > Basilar membrane moves > moving stereocilia > stereocilia touches the kinocilium > AP is produced > information is sent to medulla.
BONUS: What is the tonotopic?
What Neurotransmitters use Second-Messenger Systems?
BONUS (+50): What is the enzyme responsible for converting ATP into cAMP called?
What are Monoamines? (Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine)
BONUS: What is adenylate cyclase?
What type of reactions transfer energy? In what order?
BONUS (+50): What type of reactions transfer electrons? In what order?
What are Exergonic (Releases energy) and Endergonic (Require energy) reactions?
BONUS: What are Oxidative (Lose electrons)-Reduction (Gains electrons) reactions?
What is the term for breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol? What enzyme is used?
Bonus +100 pts: what is the name of the process used to use fatty acids as an energy source?
What is Lipolysis? What is Lipase?
BONUS: B-oxidation (of Fat): enzymes remove acetic acid molecules from the fatty acid to form acetyl CoA.
Describe the process of Synaptic Transmission.
Bonus:
+50 pts: Where does the AP start and end?
+100 pts: This substance has an inhibiting effect on synapses.
Presynaptic neuron:
AP conducted by axon > Opens VG Ca2+ channels > release of excitatory NTs (EPSPs)
Postsynaptic neuron:
Ligand-regulated channels open > Na+ influx occurs = depolarizing EPSPs > VG Na+ AG opens > K+ channels open > conduction of AP.
BONUS:
What is the Axon hillock and the Axon Terminal?
What is Curare?
Summarize the pathway of light through the eye, including anatomical components and receptors.
Bonus: +100 pts. What is the dark current?
Light Pathway:
Light enters the eye > cornea > anterior chamber > pupil (formed by iris) > lens > vitreous humor > retina > light is absorbed through layers and hits rods and cones (receptors) > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > collect at the optic disc (blind spot) > sent out through the optic nerve > brain.
BONUS:
Dark Current:
Na+ channel is always open in dark, inhibiting signals.
When light is introduced = Na+ channels close = no inhibitory NT released and ganglion is depolarized sending info to the brain.
What does the Utricle and Saccule provide information about?
BONUS (+50): What do the Semicircular Canals give information about?
What is linear acceleration?
BONUS: What is angular acceleration?