Regulation and Homeostasis
What is a symbiotic relationship thatbenefits one species and is neutral to the other species
What is commensalism?
This process involves the enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.
What is chemical digestion?
This type of organism does not expend energy to regulate its internal osmolarity and is iso-osmotic with its environment.
What is an osmoconformer?
This is the phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscle relaxes and the chambers fill with blood.
What is diastole?
This vascular tissue moves water and minerals via "negative pressure" or a "pulling" force.
What is xylem?
While the internal environment is maintained at a "steady state," this specific mechanism utilizes a detection system and effectors to reduce a stimulus, such as in blood glucose or temperature regulation.
What is a negative feedback loop?
This accessory organ produces a liquid high in bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum.
What is the pancreas?
These are the two primary solutes used by the mammalian kidney to establish the osmolarity gradient in the medulla.
What are NaCl (salt) and urea?
In fish, this mechanism ensures that blood is always less saturated with oxygen than the water it meets, allowing for oxygen extraction.
What is countercurrent exchange?
These are are microscopic pores located on plant surfaces that open during the day and close at night to minimize water loss and allow for increased of gas exchange.
What are stomata?
This brain region acts as the central integrator for homeostasis; it coordinates neural and hormone signaling by receiving information from the body and initiating responses via the pituitary gland.
What is the hypothalamus?
This fluid from stomach is made up of gastric juices and food. It triggers the release of enzymes that break down sugars and proteins as well as bile and and pancreatic juices.
What is chyme?
These are the four basic stages of the excretory process, in order.
What are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion?
This is the physical reason why blood flow must slow down significantly as it enters the capillary beds.
What is the high total cross-sectional area of the capillaries?
The movement of water, nutrients, and signaling molecules through the cytoplasm of plant cells via microscopic channels called plasmodesmata.
What is symplastic transport?
Unlike the posterior pituitary, which only stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus, this gland is composed of endocrine tissue and synthesizes its own "tropic" hormones.
What is the anterior pituitary?
These tiny, finger-like projections line the small intestine and maximize nutrient absorption by increasing surface area
What are villi?
This hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct by triggering the insertion of aquaporins.
What is ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)?
This respiratory pigment contains iron and significantly increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of vertebrate blood.
What is hemoglobin?
This is the growth of plants in towards or away from light in response to light stimulus.
What is phototropism?
These three specific hormones are the primary regulators of plant development; one promotes apical dominance, one stimulates cell division, and one is a gas that triggers fruit ripening
What are Auxin, Cytokinin, and Ethylene?
This section of the small intestine is where most chemical digestion occurs. It is where bile and pancreatic juices act.
What is the duodenum?
This is a U-shaped nephron tubule that concentrates urine and conserves water by creating a high salt concentration in the kidney medulla.
What is the Loop of Henle?
These are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. They serve as the primary site for gas exchange, where oxygen enters the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide is removed.
What are alveoli?
These bacteria are characterized by a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall and stain violet/purple in a Gram stain test.
What are Gram Positive bacteria?