Transcription
The RNA strand synthesized during transcription is complementary and antiparallel to this strand.
What is the template strand?
This group is attached to the 5' end of a deoxyribose
What is a phosphate group?
The eukaryotic start codon that encodes methionine and establishes the reading frame
What is AUG?
The enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication.
What is primase
This X-ray diffraction image provided critical structural evidence for DNA’s helical nature.
What is Photo 51 by Rosalind Franklin
Recruit transcription factors that form the initiation complex
What is a promoter?
These two nitrogenous bases are classified as purines
What are adenine and guanine
The prokaryotic ribosomal binding site located upstream of the start codon.
What is the Shine–Dalgarno sequence?
The protein complex that unwinds the DNA double helix at the replication fork.
What is helicase?
This experiment identified DNA as the “transforming principle” using enzymes that degraded protein, RNA, or DNA.
What is the Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment?
Presence of a polyadenylation signal sequence leads to cleavage of the pre-mRNA
What defines the end of a eukaryotic gene?
The type of bond that holds complementary base pairs together.
What are hydrogen bonds
A molecule containing a polypeptide-encoding sequences
What is a polycistronic mRNA?
DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in this direction.
What is 5' to 3'
This 1958 experiment demonstrated semiconservative DNA replication using heavy nitrogen.
What is the Meselson–Stahl experiment?
The transcription phase during which RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in the 5′→3′ direction.
What is elongation
The groove of DNA that is wider and more accessible to transcription factors.
What is the major groove?
Presence of 5' methyl-G cap on the mRNA.
What is necessary for a eukaryotic RNA to be recognized and bound by the small subunit of the ribosome?
DNA polymerase can only read DNA in this direction.
What is 3' to 5'
This blender-based experiment confirmed that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material using radioactive sulfur and phosphorus.
What is the Hershey–Chase experiment
Guanylyl transferase
What enzyme is required to initiate 5' capping of eukaryotic mRNA transcription?
The structural feature that ensures purines always pair with pyrimidines, maintaining a constant DNA width.
What is complementary base pairing?
The process by which the ribosome moves three nucleotides along the mRNA.
What is translocation
The structural reason the lagging strand must be synthesized discontinuously.
What is antiparallel strand orientation combined with 5′ to 3′ polymerase activity?
If Meselson and Stahl had allowed three generations in ¹⁴N medium, the proportion of hybrid DNA would be this fraction of the total DNA.
What is ¼ (25%) hybrid DNA?