Intro to Marine Eco
What percentage of Earth's water is salt water?
96.5%
The variety of all living things on Earth, including the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems and the processes that sustain them.
Biodiversity
A. If Re >> 1 ________ forces dominate
B. If Re << 1 ________ forces dominate
A. inertial
B. viscous
What color(s) attenuate last in the water column?
Blue and green
Primary producers create _____ _____ out of ______ _______ during primary production.
organic matter ; inorganic matter
The number of different species living in a specified area is referred to as...
Species richness (or species diversity)
A. any characteristic of an organism that
influences its fitness by affecting growth, reproduction, or survival
B. traits that influence what species do
C. traits that influence how species respond to environmental forcing
A. Functional Trait
B. Effect Trait
C. Response Trait
A. streamlines are all parallel, flow is very regular
B. streamlines are irregular to chaotic
A. laminar flow
B. turbulent flow
A. vertical temperature gradient with depth
B. strong, vertical salinity gradient
C. Density gradient created by interaction among ocean circulation, temperature, and salinity
A. Thermocline
B. Halocline
C. Pycnocline
What are the limiting factors of NPP in aquatic ecosystems?
1. Light
2. Nutrient availability
3. Water motion
What is marine ecology?
The study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment.
The study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, and physiology
Allometry
Describe the flow in a small Re world
Flow is largely laminar and reversible
What are the 4 physical-biological processes we discussed on the time-space diagram?
1. Pheromone trails
2. Fish schooling and foraging behavior
3. Plankton patch formation
4. Large scale migrations
What type of water motion is necessary for nutrients to be exchanged through a boundary layer?
Fast and turbulent flows
Complete the biological organization hierarchy
population --> community --> ecosystem --> biome
What is a rarefaction curve (what does it estimate)?
Rarefaction curves estimate the number of species that may be discovered in the future.
How do small organisms overcome boundary layers to live in a Hydrodynamic Hell?
- Rely on diffusion for nutrient acquisition
- create turbulence via appendages
What processes affect plankton patch formation? (Hint: there are 4)
1. Currents
2. Langmuir circulation convergences
3. Circulation around an island
4. Tidal currents exiting a constriction at the mouth of an estuary
The depth in the water column at which photosynthesis rates = respiration rates.
Compensation depth
The distribution of species between different environments is called ...
Disparity
What are the differences between monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic?
Monophyletic = includes ALL the descendants of a shared common ancestor
Paraphyletic = includes the common ancestor, but only SOME of its descendants
Polyphyletic = does not include the common ancestor
Describe what a boundary layer is (how is water velocity affected by distance from surface of organism?)
a thin region of fluid near a solid surface - velocity at the surface is 0 and increases as distance from the object increases
How are ekman transport, the coriolis effect, and upwelling all related?
for N hemisphere: As winds blow surface waters, the Coriolis effect causes the water to deflect to the right. Ekman transport pulls the water to the right at a 90° angle from the direction of the wind. The movement of the surface water creates a space for cool, nutrient rich deep water to fill, resulting in upwelling.
What are the formulas for net primary productivity (NPP) and gross primary productivity (GPP)?
NPP = GPP - R
GPP = NPP + R