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Cell cycle
Sequence of cell growth and division that occurs in a cell between the beginning of one cell division and the beginning of the next cell division.
Cell division
Process in which a cell divides into two new daughter cells.
Interphase
DNA replication occurs in preparation for cell division; the period of the cell cycle between cell divisions in which the cell grows, After G1, cells may enter a resting phase (G0) or continue to S phase.
Mitosis
part eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides; division of the nucleus of the cell.Replicated DNA is divided during mitosis, DNA’s structural organization also changes.
Prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible; Chromatin condenses and pairs of centrioles move to
opposite sides of the cell and the spindle fibers attach on to the chromatids.
Metaphase
phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell; Spindle fibers move
chromosomes toward middle of
cell on the Metaphase plate – location
halfway between centrioles
where chromosomes align.
Anaphase
phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell; Sister chromatids separate at the centromere to form individual Chromosomes and spindle fibers shorten and pull chromosomes apart.
Telophase
phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin; Chromosomes move to opposite
poles of the cell and spindle fibers disappear and nuclear membrane reforms.
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells; division of the cytoplasm of the cell; Cell’s cytoplasm divides in Cytokinesis and cleavage furrow forms as cell membrane pinches together and Daughter cells – two new cells formed when the cell
membrane separates- are formed.
Cell plate
formed during cytokinesis, extends outward to separate the two daughter plant cells and become the new cell wall.
Centrosomes
a cellular structure involved in the process of cell division.
Centrioles
singular structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division;
Nucleotide
subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base; monomer of a DNA molecule.
Chargaff’s Rule
Amount of adenine is ALWAYS equal to amount of thymine. Amount of cytosine is ALWAYS equal to the amount of guanine.
Homologous Chromosomes
Contains similar genes for the same traits, one from each parent; One is derived from the male parent and one from the female parent.
Centromere
region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach; point at which chromatids are held together; Integral part of centromere and joins loops of coiled DNA.
Chromatin
substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones; the hereditary material composed of DNA and protein.
Chromosome
threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next.
Sister chromatids
a set of two identical
chromatids, one duplicated, one original.
Diploid number
Represents the two sets of homologous chromosomes in a somatic cell.
Haploid number
Represents one set of chromosomes (i.e. from one parent) in a somatic cell.
Prokaryotic Replication Cell Cycle-
Bacteria have a single circular loop, replication moves around the circular DNA molecule in both directions and produces two identical circles. The cell divides between circles, as fast as every 20 minutes
Checkpoints Cyclins
The cell cycle is tightly regulated by checkpoints between the G1 and S phase, and between the G2 and mitosis.
Mutations
A change in the usual DNA sequence at a particular gene locus.
Proto-oncogenes
genes that normally help cells grow and divide to make new cells, or to help cells stay alive.