balaka
How is water vapor made in etc and what is the equation?
It is made by evaporation or vaporization. The chemical formula for water vapor is H₂O (g)
What specific food products and organisms are based around alcohol fermentation and the c02?
Bread, beer, wine,kombucha,yeast, and Some Bacteria (e.g., Zymomonas mobilis),
Where is atp at the bottom of atp synthase?
at the top of the F1 region of the enzyme
What happens in glycolysis?
a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, releasing energy that is captured in the form of ATP and NADH
How many ATP and NADH are produced during glycolysis ?
2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules.
How many protein complex?
there are 4,complex I,Complex II, Complex III, and complex IV
he krebs cycle is a cycle the begins with a specific molecule and ends with it which molecule is that ?
Oxaloacetate
How many atp molecules are produced during the krebs cycle?
2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Why is lactic acid necessary?
it serves as an alternative energy source, especially when oxygen levels are low, and it plays a role in cellular respiration and glucose production
In what cycle is glucose used?
Glycolysis
in what cycle is oxygen the final electron acceptor?
ETC
IN what cycle are the electron carriers made?and what are the carriers?
Krebs cycle, carriers are NADH and FADH2.
What is the role for atp synthase for making atp?
to act as a membrane-bound enzyme that uses the flow of protons (H+) across a membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
What is the equation for water and how is it made in the etc?
The formula for water is H₂O,. In the ETC, water is formed as a byproduct when molecular oxygen accepts electrons and protons. The overall reaction is 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ + ½O₂ → H₂O
What is the job of the atp synthase?
to synthesize ATP, the main energy currency of cells, from ADP and inorganic phosphate
What is an ATP synthase? How does it work?
crucial membrane protein that uses the electrochemical gradient of protons across a membrane to generate ATP
What is the journey of oxygen and glucose throughout the body in the cells?
oxygen and glucose take a journey from entry into the body to their utilization within cells. Oxygen enters through the lungs, diffuses into the bloodstream, and is carried by red blood cells. Glucose, derived from food, is also absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body via the circulatory system.
Whatfood in organisms are in alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentationWhat are the two fermentations? How are they different? What are the equations? And how are they different?
fermentations are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Different because Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid and is used in making yogurt and fermented dairy products, , while alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide and is used in making beer and wine, and in baking. Organisms:Lactic acid fermentation is commonly found in bacteria and muscle cells, while alcoholic fermentation is typically performed by yeast and some bacteria..Equations:Lacticacid: C6H12O6 → 2 C3H6O3 (glucose → lactic acid) Alcoholic : C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 (glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide)
Difference between anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly. Anaerobic occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly signaling. Under anaerobic conditions, glucose and pyruvate is converted into lactic acid to produce energy for the cells
How do all three cycles meet?Where do they take place?
glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, meet through the interconnected use of NADH and FADH2 molecules. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain take place in the mitochondria.
Explain everything that happens in the kreps cycle.
acetyl-CoA is oxidised to form carbon dioxide and coenzymes are reduced, which generate ATP in the electron transport chain
What happens in the etc?
1. Electron Transfer:Electrons, primarily from NADH and FADH2, are transferred to the ETC through a series of redox reactions. 2. Proton Pumping:As electrons move through the chain, some of the released energy is used to pump hydrogen ions from one side of the membrane to the other, creating a proton gradient. 3. Electrochemical Gradient:The proton gradient generates an electrochemical potential, which is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. 4. Final Electron Acceptor:The final electron acceptor in the chain is typically oxygen, which combines with the low-energy electrons and protons to form water.