Unit 1
An example of a monosaccharide
What is glucose, fructose, or galactose?
The tenets of cell theory
What is "all living things come from cells, and all cells come from other cells"?
Organisms that capture ambient energy (light, heat), and store it in macromolecules
What are autotrophs?
Genes that tend to be inherited together
What are linked genes?
Enzyme that builds DNA by adding to the 3' end of the new strand
What is DNA polymerase?
The four types of organic macromolecules
What are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids?
The type of liquid solution preferred by plant cells
What is a hypotonic solution?
The second law of thermodynamics
What is "all energy conversions ultimately increase the disorder (entropy) of the universe"?
Identical copies of a chromosome produced during the S-phase of the cell cycle
What are sister chromatids?
The directionality of the two strands of a DNA helix in relation to each other
What is antiparallel?
Molecules containing atoms of differing electronegativities with an unequal distribution of electrons
What are polar molecules?
Molecules that cannot pass through a cell membrane
What are ions and large polar molecules? (Larger than water.)
The enzyme responsible for building ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
What is ATP synthase?
An organism must be homozygous for this trait to express it in its phenotype
What is a recessive trait?
The three main components of a nucleotide
What is a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base?
A molecule with a chain of fatty acids containing carbon double bonds
What is an unsaturated fat?
The method by which solutes travel across a selectively permeable membrane against their concentration gradient
What is active transport?
The stage of cellular respiration when CO2 is released
What is Pyruvate Oxidation / Citric Acid Cycle (aka Krebs Cycle)?
When a single gene affects multiple traits
What is pleiotropy?
The epigenetic control of a gene that affects the transcribed mRNA
What is RNA interference?
Two specific examples of dehydration synthesis
What is peptide bond formation and polysaccharide formation?
Two kinds of molecules that bind to the active site of an enzyme
What are reactants (or substrates) and competitive inhibitors?
(Will also accept: co-factors)The process by which NADH -> NAD+ when oxidative phosphorylation is shut down
What is fermentation?
The failure of chromosomes to separate normally during meiosis
What is nondisjunction?
The site on a ribosome that the start codon tRNA occupies during initiation
What is the P-site?