INFO
the central dogma
- dna will make rna, rna will make protein
- protein does whatever the gene wants
- the dogma skips steps and has exceptions
Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes, which are made up of two subunits.
These subunits consist of several molecules of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and as many as 80 different proteins.
Circular
noncoding sections of an RNA transcript that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein
Located in the front of the operon, three geneses are two regulatory regions:
a promoter and operator
By binding DNA sequence in the regulatory regions of eukaryotic genes, transcription factors control
the expression of those genes
RNA
Sugar is ribose
Single stranded
Contains uracil
During protein synthesis, TRNA molecules carry amino acids from cytoplasm to the MRNA
Ray gun shape
exons
contain information for making a protein
When the lac repressor binds to the O region, rna polymerase (can or cannot) reach the lac genes to begin transcription
cannot
DNA
Sugar is deoxyribose
Double stranded
Contains thymine
segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary mRNA molecules.
DNA binding proteins in prokaryotes regulate genes by
controlling transcription
When lactose is added to the medium, it diffuses into the cell and attaches to the
lac operon
Some viruses use double stranded RNA as their _____
genome
Prokaryotic transcription
all happens in the cytoplasm, As soon or even before the transcription has been made it is already being read by the Ribosomes
What are the primary sugar bacteria like to use?
glucose
what do you look for if you find no glucose?
cyclic adp
messenger RNA
a copy of the portion of DNA that will be used to make a protein.
After being made in the nucleus, mRNA travels to the cytoplasm, the site of protein synthesis.
Linear
How does RNA Polymerase know where to go?
RNA polymerase binds only to regions of DNA that have specific base sequences. These regions are called promoters.
Two reasons we want to control production of lactose enzymes, when should we start breaking down lactose
We need to have lactose present
Very little or no glucose
tata box
a DNA sequence that indicates the point at which a genetic sequence can be read and decoded