Cell Function & Structure
Which biomolecule provides us with a quick energy source, makes up the cell wall in organisms such as plants or fungi, and provides structural support to the exoskeletons of insects?
Carbohydrates
DNA is replicated during which stage of the cell cycle?
the S stage of Interphase
Which of the following describes homologous structures?
A. Develops in related species
B. Results of common environmental pressures
C. Parts have similar functions
D. The anatomy is similar
E. Inherited from common ancestors
A. Develops in related species
D. The anatomy is similar
E. Inherited from common ancestors
What is the stimulus in each of the following:
Phototropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Photo - light
Gravi - gravity
Thigmo - touch
Hydro - water
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Conservation of matter.
The reactants of photosynthesis (CO2, H2O, and energy: light) are the products of cellular respiration.
The reactants of cellular respiration (O2, and energy: Chemical-ATP) are the products of photosynthesis
Conservation of matter
Looking through a microscope at some samples of cells, you notice one slide has the following characteristics: it reproduces via mitosis, has linear DNA, and Has an endoplasmic reticulum.
What type of cell are you looking at?
Eukaryotic cell
Which components bond with adenine in a section of double-stranded DNA?
Thymine and deoxyribose sugar via hydrogen bonds
Certain species of coral-like sea organisms called bryozoans first appeared about 140 billion years ago. They remained unchanged for the first 40 million years then suddenly experienced rapid genetic change.
What process would best account for the pattern of evolution in the bryozoans?
A. Convergent Evolution
B. Differentiation
C. Punctuated Equilibrium
D. Gradualism
C. Punctuated Equilibrium
The female reproductive and endocrine systems work interactively for which main purpose?
A. To maintain homeostasis by removing waste products from the body
B. To release neurotransmitters during times of stress
C. To control hormone levels to prepare the body for pregnancy
D. To exchange gases to support cellular aerobic respiration
C. To control hormone levels to prepare the body for pregnancy
Enzymes like helicase or DNA polymerase are essential to DNA replication because they ___.
A. store energy needed to break down the DNA molecule
B. make up the nuclear membrane that protects DNA in a cell
C. increase the amount of energy needed to duplicate DNA molecules
D. help to facilitate and speed up the process
D. help to facilitate and speed up the process
How do viruses primarily spread disease?
A. By releasing toxins into the bloodstream, which directly attack healthy cells.
B. By triggering an immune response that damages healthy tissues.
C. By altering the DNA of the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell division and tumor formation.
D. By taking over the host cell's machinery to replicate and produce new virus particles, ultimately causing the host cell to burst.
D. By taking over the host cell's machinery to replicate and produce new virus particles, ultimately causing the host cell to burst.
Which of the following increase genetic variation in the process of meiosis?
A. Crossing over
B. Independent assortment
C. Interface
D. Chromosome reduction
E. DNA replication
A. Crossing over
B. Independent assortment
D. Chromosome reduction
A new predator of rabbits has been introduced within an ecosystem. This new predator runs faster than the native predators of rabbits.
Which statement describes what will most likely occur in the rabbit population due to the introduction of the predator?
A. The rabbits will mutate their genes and express genes that increase their speed.
B. Slower rabbits will develop stronger legs and pass this trait to their offspring.
C. Rabbits will mate and produce offspring with a different species that has faster runners.
D. Faster rabbits will survive and reproduce increasing the average speed of the rabbit population.
D. Faster rabbits will survive and reproduce increasing the average speed of the rabbit population.
Roots of different plants can be connected by a network of underground fungal extensions called hyphae. These fungi contribute minerals to the plants, and the plants contribute carbohydrates to the fungi.
Which statement about the transportation of these substances within the plant is true?
A. The minerals are transported from the phloem to the xylem in the shoot system.
B. The carbohydrates are transported from the shoot system to the fungi by the xylem.
C. The minerals are transported from the xylem to the phloem in the roots.
D. The carbohydrates are transported to the fungi through the phloem.
D. The carbohydrates are transported to the fungi through the phloem.
Normal cells have a contact inhibition feedback mechanism that prevents the cells from replicating when other cells are touched.
What will happen to cells in an organism that lack contact inhibition?
The cells will continue to grow, causing a tumor in the body.
The cellular process known as the sodium-potassium pump, discovered in the 1950s by Danish scientist Jens Christian Skou, is crucial for maintaining homeostasis within cells. This process is a form of active transport that moves three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions it moves into the cell. Na+/K+ transport is necessary to maintain the correct balance of ions, which is vital for various cellular functions, including nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.
Explain why energy is needed for active transport.
Ions are moved against the concentration gradient.
Which of the following best explains why cells that contain the same genetic material do not
develop into the same types of cells?
A. Because internal or external stimuli can trigger the activation of specific genes in the DNA of cells.
B. Because random mutations can occur in the DNA of cells during early embryonic development.
C. Because each of the specialized cells only has a portion of the organism's DNA.
D. Because chemical signals that are released during the cell cycle can result in the linking of similar genes.
A. Because internal or external stimuli can trigger the activation of specific genes in the DNA of cells.
Evolution is the change in characteristics passed down from parent to offspring over time. How are mutations involved in the process of the evolution of a species?
If the mutation is beneficial, it will become more prevalent in the population’s genes over time.
Biting flies can transmit diseases and cause loss of blood for animals in nature. Horses have developed behaviors to repel biting flies such as ear twitching, head tossing, leg stomping, and tail swishing.
Describe the interaction between body systems that allows horses to repel biting flies?
The nervous system senses the biting flies and sends a signal to the muscular system to move.
Describe the Central Dogma in three steps
Step 1: DNA replication (DNA makes more DNA)
Step 2: Transcription (DNA makes RNA)
Step 3: Translation (RNA makes Protein)
Shira observes that the shape of the cells in Sample A appear shrunken, while the cells in Sample B appear normal, and the cells in Sample C appear swollen. The apparent shrinking of the cells in Sample A indicates the reaction of the cells to what?
A hypertonic solution
Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from ________ to ________ so that zygotes have the correct number of chromosomes at fertilization.
A. haploid; diploid
B. triploid; diploid
C. diploid; haploid
D. diploid; triploid
C. diploid; haploid
Explain the difference between genetic drift and gene flow.
Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies due to chance events, often reducing genetic variation, while gene flow is the movement of genetic material between populations, which can introduce new alleles and increase genetic diversity
A student spends 30 minutes walking outside on a day when the air temperature is 20°C (68°F). She then spends 30 minutes walking outside on a day when it is 0°C (32°F). On the colder day only, she finds herself very tired when she comes back inside.
Explain this observation in detail using your understanding of the concept of homeostasis.
The body maintains a constant temperature as part of homeostasis.
In response to the cold, the body’s metabolism accelerates to compensate, producing effects like shivering. Energy demands of a high metabolic rate deplete available energy, causing fatigue.
She is using more energy to maintain homeostasis, which is making her feel fatigued.
Students are modeling mRNA during the process of protein synthesis. Which answer choice correctly describes the model of the mRNA strand being transcribed?
A. The mRNA strand is complementary to the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of adenine is paired with thymine.
B. The mRNA strand is complementary to the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of thymine is paired with adenine.
C. The mRNA strand is an exact copy of the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of adenine is paired with thymine.
D. The mRNA strand is an exact copy of the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of thymine is paired with adenine. D
B. The mRNA strand is complementary to the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of thymine is paired with adenine.