bio exam 1

Chemistry

100

define an Atom,molecule, and a element.

atoms are smallest unit of matter that form all chemical substances

molecules are two or more bonded atoms

element is a specific type of atom (chemical substance)

200

What is this definition: a Georgian of space surroundin the atomic nucleus, containing a maximum of 2 electrons. more Than two electrons turns into multiple ____.

orbital

300

Protons and neutrons are nearly equal in ____, and each has more than ____ times the ____ of an electron

mass, 1800

400

What is an isotope

The many forms in which an element exists bc of different number of neutrons they contain.

500

What is a trace element

elements that all living organisms need (even in small quantities)

Everything cells

100

What was the first living organisms

primative cells (3.5-4 mil years ago)

200

unicellular vs multicellular

Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell that performs all life functions, whereas multicellular organisms are composed of many specialized cells working together

300

Animal vs plant cells

Plant cells are generally rigid and rectangular, featuring a protective cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells are flexible, round, and contain lysosomes and centrosomes. Both are eukaryotic cells containing a nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm, but plant cells are autotrophic (make their own food) and animal cells are heterotrophic (consume food).

400

Endosymbiosis 

Endosymbiosis is 

a type of mutualistic symbiosis where one organism lives inside the body or cell of another, often evolving to become an essential, long-term partner. The endosymbiotic theory explains that eukaryotic cells evolved when large prokaryotes engulfed, but did not digest, smaller prokaryotes, which eventually became organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts

500

Types of communication

• Visual Communication: Animals use body language, colors, and movements to send messages. Examples include a dog's "play bow", the bright, warning colors of a poisonous frog, or the color-changing skin of a cephalopod used to signal threats or mating availability.
• Auditory Communication: Sound is used to convey information over distances or in the dark. This includes bird songs, grunts from animals, whale songs, and insects rubbing wings together, a process known as stridulation.
• Chemical Communication: Animals, such as ants, lay down pheromone trails to guide others to food. Mammals, including wolves and cats, use urine to mark their territory.
• Tactile Communication: Physical touch is used to strengthen social bonds, such as in feline grooming.
• Electric/Vibration Signals: Some fish use their swim bladders to create vibrations to communicate with others. 

principles of life

100

Three domains of life and their definition

archaea + bacteria - microorganisms that are prokaryotic, and simple

Eukarya - eukaryotic organisms that are complex with multiple structures and functions.

200

All living things (list 5 principles of life)

• Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells. Grow.
• Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment.
• Energy: Obtaining and using energy (Metabolism).
• Heredity: Passing genetic material (DNA) to offspring.
• Reproduction: Creating new life, reproduce

300

Types of artificial selection

• Directional Selection: Favors one extreme phenotype over others, shifting the population curve towards that extreme.
• Stabilizing Selection: Favors intermediate phenotypes, reducing variation.
• Disruptive Selection: Favors both extremes, often leading to distinct groups. 
• Artificial selection: procedures designed to modify traits in domesticated species.

400

Vertical gene transfer vs horizontal gene transfer 

Vertical gene transfer: the passing of genetic material from parent to offspring during reproduction, either through sexual or asexual processes

Horizontal gene transfer: transfer of genetic material from one organism to another, that is not its offspring

500

Vertical evolution vs progressive evolution vs neural evolution

Vertical: refers to the inheritance of genetic material down generations (parent to offspring)

Progressive: steady, long-term improvement, such as increasing complexity or adaptation (from aquatic to terrestrial life)

Neural: machine learning that uses genetic algorithms to train artificial neural networks

Misc.

100

What is taxonomy?

the genetic relations of animals throughout evolution.

Grouping of species on commpn ancestors (bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes)

200

Migration and mechanisms

long range seasonal movement (innate learning)

Three migration mechanisms

• •    piloting: animal move from one familiar landmark to next

• •    Orientation: ability to follow compass bearing and Tavel in straight line

• •    Navigation: follow compass bearings but also set or adjust path

300

5 major shapes of prokaryotes

Spheres: coccI

Rods: bacilli

Comma: vibrio

Spiral-flexible: spirochetes

Spiral-rigid: spirilla

400

types of molecular bonds

• Covalent: Atoms share electron pairs to achieve stability, common between non-metals (Non-polar: Electrons are shared equally. Polar: Electrons are shared unequally due to electronegativity differences.)
• Ionic:  Formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions created by electron transfer from metal to non-metal.
• Hydrogen (weak) : A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction where a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom (N, O, F) is attracted to another nearby electronegative atom.

500

Associative vs non-associative learning

non-associative learning:  Response to a single repeated         stimulus changes over time; no association of the stimulus         to anything else.

 - Habituation: develop a lessened response to                 repeated stimulus 

 - sensitization: developing an amplified response to                 repeated stimulus

associative learning: Response to two or more processes         or elements, where the individual learns to connect or link         them together. (Classical and operant conditioning)

ecology

100

Biotic vs abiotic facts (with examples)

Biotic factors include organisms like plants, animals, and bacteria

abiotic factors consist of physical/chemical elements such as sunlight, water, soil, and temperature.

200

Fundamental niches

the range of environmental conditions in which an animal could survive and/or thrive.

•    niches: temperature, wind, water, light, salinity, pH

300

List of all the layers of life

atoms -> molecules ->cells -> tissue -> organs -> organ systems -> organisms -> populations -> community -> ecosystem -> biosphere

400

Types of ecology

• Organismal ecology: study of the ways in which individual organisms meet challenges of their abiotic and biotic interactions within their environments.

• •    Physiological ecology: how organisms are physiologically adapted to their environment and how the environment impacts the distribution of species.

• •    Behavioral ecology: how behavior of individual organisms contribute to their survival and reproductive success, and population density of the species. Types of behavior are innate, learned, and cognition.

• •    Population ecology: focuses of population and how they change in size and density.

• •    Community ecology: how populations of species interact and form functional communities.

• •    Ecosystem ecology: deals with the flow of energy and the cycling of  nutrients with an ecosystem. 

500

Types of population growth

exponential growth (unlimited, J-shaped curve) and logistic growth (limited, S-shaped curve),