Translation
What does tRNA do?
Brings amino acids to the ribosomes to form an amino acid chain.
Main reason for transcription
Produce transcript, RNA copy, of gene
The enzyme helicase is known to…
What is responsible for separating two DNA strands in DNA replication.
What is the leading strand?
The template strand of DNA where replication happens continuously toward the replication fork
How many H-bonds form between C and G?
3
During initiation, the initiator tRNA recognizes the ___ codon in mRNA and binds to it.
Start, AUG, Met
Central dogma states
DNA—>RNA—>Protein
During translation, the stop codons are recognized by a protein called a
Release factor
A daughter strand refers to..
Each newly synthesized strand of DNA (daughter strand) is made by the addition of a nucleotide that is complementary to the parent strand of DNA
Chargaff’s rule states..
AT go together and GC go together
What is splicing?
Removing introns and joining exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence
During elongation, nucleotides bind to the template strand and are covalently connected in the ____ direction
5’-3’
Topoisomerase
Corrects “overwinding” ahead of replication forks
Okazaki fragments are…
What are small sections of DNA that are formed during discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication.
What group is attached to the 3’ and 5’?
5’-phosphate group
3’-hydroxyl group
What is the difference between a Poly A tail and capping?
Capping happens on the 5’ end and the Poly A tail is added to the 3’ end.
Is DNA directly related to transcription?
Yes, central dogma theory states
DNA—>RNA—>Protein
Transcription happens before translation
The telomerase enzyme is responsible for
What is adding telomeres repeats to the 3’ ends of chromosomes?
What does it mean when the DNA is semiconservative?
Keeps half the original strand and replicates a new one.
What is the purpose of the genetic code?
It specifies the relationship between mRNA and polypeptide sequences.
What process allows a single gene to encode two or more polypeptides with different amino acid sequences?
Alternative splicing.
How do transcription factors modulate gene expression?
They typically do so by acting on promoters or enhancers to activate or repress the transcription of specific genes.
RNA polymerase is
The enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA following a strand of DNA.
How many nucleotides long are Okazaki fragments?
100-200
What are the characteristics of the DNA structure deduced by Watson and Crick?
Purine bases pair with pyrimidine bases and a double helical structure.