Enzymes
Knowing the chemistry and shape of an enzyme active site would allow you to design this type of molecule.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
In an mRNA vaccine the 5' and 3' UTR sequences serve this purpose.
What is to allow translation to occur efficiently, and it increase mRNA stability?
This is where the receptor will be located for a hydrophilic molecule.
What is on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane?
This molecule replaces the electrons in PSI after it has been exposed to sunlight, causing electrons to be excited and transferred to other molecules.
What is water?
This molecule is produced by the payoff phase of glycolysis.
What is pyruvate?
This determines the Keq of a reaction.
What is the delta G of the reaction?
In the MAPK pathway this is an example of signal amplification.
What is MAPK phosphorylating transcription factors? (any step similar to that)
Carbohydrates consist of...
What is Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen? Not Nitrogen
This happens to Complex I when it accepts electrons from NADH.
What is becomes reduced and increases in free energy?
This type of inhibitor is a type of allosteric enzyme regulation.
What is a non-competitive inhibitor?
You have identified a sunflower gene that you know the DNA sequence of and that it is expressed in leaf cells. This approach would be helpful in finding a leaf enhancer for its gene.
What is a reporter constructs?
A bacterium that has an ABC transporter provides multi-drug resistance, is very hard to treat due to this.
What is the ABC transporter exports many different antibiotics out of the cell?
During the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle, NADPH is used to do these actions.
What is to increase the free energy of the 3 carbon molecules, to reduce the 3-carbon molecules, to add a pair of high free energy electrons to the 3-carbon molecules, to create non-polar covalent bonds in G3P?
What is a glucose derivative?
These four characteristics are associated with high energy molecules.
What are low entropy (more ordered), less stable, greater capacity to do work, and more concentrated?
You want to introduce a new gene into the cells of salmon scales to increase the temperature range they can live in. This is the first step a scientist would do to find a salmon scale enhancer.
What is to isolate mRNA transcripts from tomato root cells?
When can antibiotic sensitive bacteria outcompete antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
What is in the absence of antibiotics?
A plant is in a lower water environment. This is the favorable path for photosynthesis to follow.
What is the cyclic process?
A cell is treated with a proton uncoupler. The proton uncoupler changes the transport of protons to a facilitated diffusion across the membrane. This would do what to the level of ATP produced by the cell.
What is decrease the level of ATP?
What is the enzyme will be unfunctional?
Where does the promoter to express the bacterial Cry2 protein come from for Bt corn?
What is the corn genome?
You are designing a drug that targets the MAPK pathway. Your drug can only target MAPK, MAPKK, or MAPKKK. Which molecule would be the most effective target?
What is MAPK?
A radioactive version of oxygen is added into water that is given to plants doing photosynthesis. This molecule produced by the plants will contain the radioactive oxygen.
What is O2?
During the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis, this molecule becomes reduce.
What is NAD+?