Founders and Theories
He devised an early microscope with 30x magnification in 1665 and observed small compartments he termed "cells".
Who is Robert Hooke?
This mechanism creates entirely new alleles in a population, serving as the ultimate source of genetic variation.
What is mutation?
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the symbol p represents the frequency of this.
What is allele A1 (or the dominant allele)?
A change in allele frequencies in a population due purely to chance events is called this.
What is genetic drift?
Speciation that occurs due to geographic separation (like physical barriers or dispersal) is called this.
What is allopatric speciation?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a 300x microscope to observe these single-celled organisms.
What are "animalcules"?
In a double-stranded DNA molecule, the two strands run in opposite directions to one another, which is described by this term.
What is antiparallel?
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the expression 2pq calculates the frequency of this genotype.
What is the heterozygous genotype (A1A2)?
This type of natural selection favors extreme phenotypes at both ends of a variation range rather than intermediate traits.
What is disruptive selection?
A trait found in two or more taxa that was present in their most recent common ancestor but missing in more distant ancestors is called this.
What is a synapomorphy?
This scientist proposed that cells do not arise by spontaneous generation, but rather from pre-existing cells.
Who is Rudolph Virchow?
This type of mutation occurs when duplicated genes are free to mutate, allowing one copy to perform its normal function while the other acquires a new function.
What is neofunctionalization?
Mating between close relatives that increases homozygosity without directly changing allele frequencies is known as this.
What is inbreeding?
This event occurs when a small group of individuals colonizes a new habitat, causing the new population's allele frequencies to differ from the original source.
What is the founder effect?
The condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes, common in plants, is known as this.
What is polyploidy?
Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation using nutrient broth in this specific type of glassware.
What is a swan-necked flask?
This pattern of natural selection occurs when an individual's phenotype changes in response to environmental conditions without any underlying change in alleles or heritability.
What is acclimatization?
Name three of the five required assumptions for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
What are random mating, no natural selection, no genetic drift (large population), no gene flow, and no mutation?
Movement of alleles between populations through immigration or emigration is termed this
What is gene flow?
This phylogenetic group consists of a common ancestor and ALL of its descendants.
What is a monophyletic group (or clade)?
This philosopher proposed the "Ladder of Life" based on size and complexity, viewing species as static and unchanging.
Who is Aristotle?
This genetic constraint occurs when a single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits, meaning selection for one trait automatically causes a correlated change in another.
What is genetic correlation?
The sum of all alleles from all genes of all individuals within a population is referred to as this.
What is the gene pool?
This selection mechanism occurs when certain alleles are favored when rare, but disfavored when common.
What is frequency-dependent selection?
Similar traits arising independently in distantly related organisms due to similar environmental pressures (rather than common ancestry) is known as this.
What is homoplasy (or convergent evolution)?