Cell Cycle / Cancer
What is the purpose of mitosis?
(#24) growth and repair
What distinguishes different organisms from each other?
(#33) the sequence (order) of nitrogenous bases
DNA is first _________ (transcribed / translated) into _________ (RNA / proteins), which is then ________ (transcribed / translated) into _______ (RNA / proteins).
(#36) DNA is first transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.
What kind of mutation is this?
Original: CTGGAG
Mutated: CTAG
(#42b) deletion
What are the 3 phases of Interphase, and what occurs in each phase?
(#21) G1: growth
S: DNA Replication
G2: growth and double check for mistakes
All living things have ____________, so they share the same four __________________.
(#32) DNA, Nitrogenous Bases / Nucleotides
(#34) Use the square codon chart provided to transcribe and translate the following DNA strand:
3' T A C G C A G T G A C T 5'
mRNA sequence: AUG CGU CAC UGA
amino acid sequence: Met - Arg - His - STOP
Flip to #43c on your Review Packet. What kind of mutation is this?
(#43c) translocation
What is the Semi-Conservative Model of DNA Replication?
(#23) each DNA molecule made in DNA Replication consists of one old DNA strand + one new DNA strand
DNA uses the nucleotides A, T, C, and G while RNA uses the nucleotides ____________________.
(#31) A, U, C, and G
(#35) Use the circular codon chart provided to transcribe and translate the following DNA strand:
3' T A C G G A G T C A T C 5'
mRNA sequence: AUG - CCU - CAG - UAG
amino acid sequence: Met - Pro - Gln - STOP
Explain how stem cells (cells that can differentiate into muscles, bones, nerves) could be an example of gene expression.
(#39) genes get turned on and off to specialize into different cells
What are the enzymes involved in DNA Replication, and what is the function of each?
(#22) helicase: unwinds the DNA
primase: builds the RNA primer
DNA Polymerase: builds the new DNA strand 5' to 3' using the old DNA strand as a template
ligase: glues the fragments together
Given the following strand of DNA, write the complementary (matching) sequence of DNA.
C G A T T A C C T A G C A T G
(#30)
G C T A A T G G A T C G T A C
What is the purpose of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)?
(#37) Polymerase Chain Reaction is used to amplify (make many copies of) DNA. It can be used for medical testing, forensics, paternity testing.
Describe the impact of a mutation (change) in the DNA.
(#41) may or may not change the RNA, which may or may not change the amino acid sequence (protein produced)
Name the 5 phases of Mitosis and describe what occurs during each phase.
Prophase: chromosomes condense, nucleus disappears
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase: chromosomes pull apart
Telophase: two new nuclei are formed
Cytokinesis: cytoplasm splits
Flip to #29 on your Review Packet. Identify the name of the structure for letters A, C, and D
(#29)
A = Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
C = Nitrogenous Base
D = Nucleotide
What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?
(#38) Gel electrophoresis is used to visualize DNA by separating pieces by size. PCR must be done before gel electrophoresis.
List at least two different factors that can influence gene expression.
(#40) temperature, light, hormones, chemicals