Mutations & Adaptations
What is a Mutation?
A Mutation is a change in DNA - it can be a Gene mutation or a Chromosomal mutation.
What are the 3 types of natural selection?
Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive
What bone is under the orbital?
The zygomatic arch
What type of relationship where one benefits and the other is neutral? + an example
Commensalism, the barnacles get a food source while the whale is unaffected
Why isn't eugenics scientifically excepted?
Eugenics is a pseudo-science that is not rooted in factual evidence or scientific study.
Types of scenarios where a mutation occurs
Erosion in DNA replication during cell division
Exposure to mutagens–such as radiation
Viral infection
What is a single-gene trait?
A characteristic or phenotype controlled by a single gene (widow's peak, tongue curling)
What is the upper arm bone called?
the Humerus
What are the 3 survivor ship curves? (+ examples of an organism in each)
Type 1: high survivorship through early/middle life, most deaths occur in old age (humans)
Type 2: Rough constant death rate across all ages and a steady death decline (birds, rodents, lizards,)
Type 3: Very high death rate early in life, with few individuals surviving to adulthood; survivors tend to live long (insects, fish, trees)
What is the 4th human variation fact?
"Populations are biologically real, not races."
What 3 criteria must be met for something to be considered an adaptation?
Genetically passed onto the next generation (heritable)
Be functional for a specific environmental factor (fits a niche)
Contribute to an advantage for that species (beneficial to organism)
What is a poly-gene trait?
A characteristic or phenotype controlled by more than one trait (height, skin color, eye color)
((Some frequent chronic diseases are also polygenic, such as hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, asthma, diabetes mellitus, various types of cancer and obesity))
What does chlorophyll used for in photosynthesis?
Acts as the primary light-absorbing factor and turns it into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
Name the 3 types of Symbiotic relationships
what is the 8th human variation fact?
"Racial classification is historical and politcal, and does not reflect natural biological patterns."
What are the 3 types of adaptations?
Structural - involve body of organism (EX: wings, fins, webbed feet, warning coloration, cryptic coloration, mimicry)
Physiological - related to biochemistry & interactions within the body (EX: spider’s web, snake’s venom, pheromones, sweat, saliva, tears)
Behavioral - mating behaviors, parental behaviors, vocal mimicry (EX: teaching their young how to survive, bird’s mating dances, language)
when its extreme variations (both high and low) are favored by natural selection over the intermediate or average form
What is a thylakoid + what does it do?
A membrane bound sac within the chloroplasts within a plant cell, it aids in light absorption and produces ATP NADPH energy (A stack of thylakoids are called a granum) ((Stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the grana)
Give an example of a parasitic relationship
A leech feeding off of the blood of an animal, while the animal looses blood and is at risk for disease or even death
What is the 1st human variation fact?
"HUMAN GROUPS DISTINGUISН THEMSELVES PRINCIPALLY AND CULTURALLY."
What natural selection type most commonly affects a population?
stabilizing selection, which favors intermediate traits and selects against extremes, keeping a population consistent by reducing variation
What makes a trait directional?
when natural or artificial selection consistently favors one extreme (high or low) of its variation
What is the bone in your thigh called?
The femur
Give an example of a mutual relationship?
A flower that is pollinated by bees that spread its seeds while getting a food source.
What is the 5th human variation fact?
"POPULATIONS ALSO HAVE A CONSTRUCTED COMPONENT."