Module 1
What is the main structural difference between DNA and RNA nucleotides?
DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil
Why do we only produce 29 ATP after cellular respiration, rather than 38?
The membrane leaks H+, so not all is utilized.
What process during prophase I increases genetic variation?
What stage of meiosis results in four non-identical daughter cells?
Crossing over
Telophase II
A cell secretes a chemical that binds to receptors on itself. This is an example of:
Autocrine
Once glucose is fully oxidized where is its energy temporarily stored?
NADH & FADH2
What is the function of lysosomes within the cell?
Breaking down old organelles, bacteria, and cellular debris
What is the cell cycle phase that the cell is most commonly in?
Interphase
What kind of dominance shows a blend of traits?
Incomplete dominance
Which muscle tissue type can continue dividing after injury, unlike the others?
Smooth Muscle
If O2 is not available for a short period, cells can still function through what process?
Fermentation
Describe the principle of osmosis.
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one carbohydrate and regenerate RuBP?
Hint: It says carb, not glucose
3 turns
What enzyme connects Okazaki fragments?
What enzyme relieves tension ahead of the replication fork?
DNA ligase
Topoisomerase
Which hormone directly promotes sodium reabsorption?
Aldosterone
What molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome?
tRNA
Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
Hydrogen, Ionic, or Covalent
Covalent
What are the four main components of ATP synthase?
F0 - Rotor
F1 - ADP + Pi
Shaft - Connects F0 & F1
Stator - Stabilizer
What molecule serves as the intermediate between DNA and protein?
mRNA
Hyperpolarization of a neuron is most likely caused by opening of:
K⁺ channels
Which structural feature is essential for saltatory conduction?
A. Dendritic spines
B. Nodes of Ranvier
C. Nissl bodies
D. Axon hillock
B. Nodes of Ranvier
What are the three main types of polysaccharides and their use?
Cellulose and chitin - structure
Starch - energy storage in plants
Glycogen - energy storage in animals
When a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than an active site and changes the enzyme's shape?
Allosteric regulation
What process removes introns from mRNA?
RNA splicing
Which mechanism explains how extremely small hormone concentrations cause strong cellular responses?
Amplification
What are the three main cytoskeleton components and their primary function?
Microfilaments - shape and crawling
Intermediate filaments - stability and connecting cells
Microtubules - moving substances and centriole formation