Origins of Cells
Cell Structure
Viruses
Membranes & Transport
Organelles & Compartmentalization
Cell Specialization
100
Time period when Life is thought to have originated on Earth.
What is between 3.5 and 3.9 billion years?
100
Discovered cells in 1665
Who is Robert Hooke or Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek who were independently credited with observing microorganisms using light microscopes?
100
Types of viral genetic material.
What are DNA or RNA?
100
Components of a Phospholipid.
What are a negatively charged phosphate molecule and 2 non polar fatty acid chains?
100
Definition of organelles.
What are structure within a cell that perform specific functions?
100
Cells that can become any type of cell in an organism.
What is a totipotent stem cell?
200
Main gasses in the early atmosphere?
What is Ammonia and methane?
200
Cell theory
All living things are made up of cells, which are the basic unit of life, all cells come from other cells.
200
Arguments AGAINST considering Viruses as live organisms.
What are their dependency on other organisms for replication, lack of growth, metabolism or irritability?
200
Molecules that can readily pass through the plasma membrane.
What are non-polar, lipid soluble molecules. E.g O2, CO2, steroids and N2?
200
Functions of lysosomes.
What is breaking down pathogens into parts?
200
Term that describes cells as they develop from unspecialised to specialised cells.
What is differentiation?
299
5 of the 8 processes of Life.
What are metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis, movement, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition?
Acronym (MR HM GREN)
299
Number of millimetres (mm) in one micrometer (μm)
What are 1000 micrometres in one millimetre?
299
Method of viral reproduction, which involves the rapid production of new viruses and the destruction of the host cell.
What is the lytic cycle?
299
Types of membrane proteins.
What are integral and peripheral proteins?
299
Benefits of having cristae on mitochondria inner membrane.
What are the increase in surface area leading to increased efficiency and speed of cell respiration?
299
Molecules secreted by certain cells in the early embryo that help to differentiate cells.
What are morphogens?
400
Domains of life that evolved from LUCA
Bacteria and Archaea, Eukaryota later evolved through endosymbiosis.
400
Typical components of prokaryotic cells
What are cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, naked DNA, 70S ribosomes?
400
Components of viral structure.
What are genetic material, a protein capsid and sometimes an envelope?
400
5 functions of membrane proteins.
What are transport, recognition, receptors, enzymes and adhesion to other cells?
400
Functions of grana in chloroplasts.
What is maximizing the amount of sunlight absorbed as the sunlight passes through the stack of thylakoids?
400
Type of cells that have flattened as an adaptation to increase surface area
What are pneumocytes or squamos epithelial cells?
500
The Miller-Urey closed system included?
What are: water, a gas inlet to add methane, ammonia and hydrogen, electrical sparks. A condenser for cooling and a heat source.
500
Evidences for endosymbiosis.
What are mitochondria and chloroplasts DNA and double membranes, own 70S ribosomes, they divide by binary fission?
500
Definition of process of reassortment that influenza viruses can undertake.
What occurs when an influenza virus infects a host cell that is already infected with a different strain of influenza, and the two viruses exchange genetic material, leading to the emergence of new strains that may have new or different characteristics?
500
Explain indirect active transport.
What is the fact that one solute is transported down its concentration gradient while the other is transported against its concentration gradient?
500
Protein that brings together the cytoskeleton and other proteins needed for the budding and scissions of vesicles.
What is clarithin?
500
Cells that have adapted to increase surface area through the development of microvilli.
What are enterocytes or proximal convoluted tubule cells?
