Bio Mid Term Review

DNA/ Mutations

100

^{ATP provides the energy needed to carry out many cell functions. Which of the following process does not require ATP (Energy)?}

^{A. Making more ATP}

^{B.muscle contraction}

^{C.active transport of a protein across the membrane}

^{D. passive transport of oxygen across the membrane}

^{D. passive transport of oxygen across the membrane}

200

^{How are transcription and translation related in terms of gene expression?}

^{DNA is used to make mRNa in transcription and then mRNA builds amino acids into proteins during translation}

^{Transcription happens in the ribosomes and translation occurs in the nucleus.}

^{Translation occurs in the nucleus and transcription follows by making amino acids.}

^{Transcription uses proteins to make mRNA, and translation uses mRNA to copy DNA in the nucleus.}

^{DNA is used to make mRNa in transcription and then mRNA builds amino acids into proteins during translation.}

300

^{Which is a mutation that does NOT result in a phenotypic change (a change that can be seen in an organisms appearance)?}

_{a.A mis-sense mutation that changes the amino acid that is brought down by the tRNA which results in a trait difference.}

^{b. A silent mutation that changes a single base, but the changed codon codes for the same amino acid as the original.}

^{c. A non-sense mutation that causes a stop codon to end the gene sequence- not allowing the protein to finish being made.}

 

^{b. A silent mutation that only changes a single base, but the changed codon codes for the same amino acid as the original.}

400

^{What describes the result of DNA replication?}

^{DNA replication results in offspring that have the exact same genetic information as both parents.}

^{DNA replication results in two identical strands of DNA- one being  the original and the other being the new strand.}

_{DNA replication occurs in G1 phase and results in all cells genetic informtion being different.}

_{DNA replication produces two different DNA strands.}

^{DNA replication results in two identical strands of DNA- one being  the original and the other being the new strand.}

500

^{If a mutation involved a misplacement of a nucleotide on a DNA segment, which of the following is NOT a possible result of the mutation?
a. The mutation will be passed on to the next generation.
b. The mutation will cause immediate death of the individual.
c. The gene that contains the mutation will be expressed in a new way.
d. The gene that contains the mutation will be expressed in the same way as before the mutation.}

b. The mutation will cause immediate death of the individual.

Misc 1

100

^{Plant cells have mitochondria, which use glucose to produce ATP. Where does the glucose originate?}

^{A. photosynthesis, which occurs in chloroplasts}

^{B. fermentation, which occurs in the absence of oxygen}

^{C. exocytosis which transports the glucose into celss}

^{D. diffusion, which transports the glucose from the digestive tract}

^{A. photosynthesis, which occurs in chloroplasts}

200

^{The general equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration show how the two processes are interconnected in natural cycles. Which substance is a product of cellular respiration and a reactant in photosynthesis?}

^{A. ATP}

^{B. glucose}

^{C. oxygen}

^{D. water}

water

300

^{ATP and ADP play a role in cellular reactions involving energy. How are these two molecules related?}

^{A. Adding a phosphate group to ATP produces ADP and releases energy.}

^{B. Adding a phosphate group to ADP produces ATP and releases energy.}

^{C.ADP breaks down to produce ATP and a phosphate group, releasing energy.}

^{D. ATP breaks down to produce ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy.}

^{ATP breaks down to produce ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy.}

400

^{Running for a long period of time, such as during a marathon, can result in muscle fatigue. Which process is important to a runner at the end of a marathon?}

^{A. the electron transport chain to produce ATP}

^{B. photosynthesis}

^{C. alcoholic fermentation to release carbon dioxide}

^{D. lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP without oxygen}

 ^{lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP without oxygen}

500

^{Variation within organisms within a species increases the chance that a species will survive changing conditions. What kind of reproduction produces the most variation within a species?}

^{A. budding}

^{B. parthenogenesis}

^{C. sexual reproduction}

^{D. asexual reproduction}

^{C. sexual reproduction}

Transcription/ Translation

100

• ^{Errors sometimes happen during DNA replication. If a DNA nucleotide that contains guanine is accidentally substituted for a DNA nucleotide that contains thymine, which of the following will always happen because of the error in DNA replication?}
  
• ^{The cell will die when it divides}
• ^{The cell will become a rapidly dividing cancer cell}
• ^{The cell will produce mRNA with mutated nucleotide sequence}
• ^{The cell will have a better chance of surviving under different conditions.}

• ^{The cell will produce mRNA with mutated nucleotide sequence}

200

Shellfish are marine invertebrates. They build their shells by taking calcium particles out of the water.

How are they able receive the ions from the water?

• expansion upon freezing
•  universal solvent
• cohesive behavior
• ability to regulate temperature

universal solvent

300

^{Which statement is true about mitosis and meiosis?}

^{Mitosis creates four genetically identical haploid cells, , while meiosis creates two diploid cells that are genetically diverse.}

^{Mitosis results in two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis results in four genetically diverse haploid cells.}

^{Mitosis occurs only in gamete formation.}

^{Mitosis produces genetically identical cells and occurs during sexual reproduction, while meiosis produces genetically diverse cells and occurs during asexual reproduction.}

 

^{Mitosis results in two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis results in four genetically diverse haploid cells.}

400

^{What would most likely happen if tRNA malfunctioned during the assemble of a protein molecule?}

^{a. Amino acids would no longer be transported into the cell.}

^{b. Mutations woul happen in the segment of mRNA as it formed.}

^{c. The wrong amino acids would be added to the new protein molecule.}

^{d. Bonds between the amino acids would no longer form inside the ribosome.}

_{c. The wrong amino acids would be added to the new protein molecule.}

500

Draw the process of trancription and translation starting from where transCription first happens (nucleus) and ending with where transLation is finished (ribosomes). 

Pictures will depict

1) the copying of DNA into mRNA

2) mRNA leaving nucleus and going to ribosome in the cytoplasm

3) tRNA (upside down wine glasses) bringing amino acids to the ribosome.

Cell Theory

100

   ^{What statements do NOT support the cell theory?}

 ^{Different tissues in plants and animals are made up of specialized cells that perform specific functions.}

^{Single-celled organisms were discovered in pond water using a microscope.}

^{Microscopes provide evidence that show that all living things are composed of one or more cells.}

^{All cells have a nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles.}

 

^{All cells have a nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles.}

 

200

_______________ discovers that all cells come from pre- existing cells. 

Walther Flemming (not 100 percent sure this is accurate)

300

If a group of scientists were studying a rock from Mars and noticed that it could possibly have some bio material within it, what would they be looking at?

a. DNA

b. Granite

c. Water molecules

d. Cells

400

Name the 3 parts of the cell theory.

1) cells are the basic unit of life

2) all living things have celss

3) cells come from pre-existing cells

500

Why did Robert Hooke name cells 'cells'?

Because they looked like the living quarters of the monks within the monasteries. 

Misc 2

100

^{What describes the job of an enzyme?}

^{a. Enzymes lower the activation energy and make the reaction happen slower.}

^{b. Enzymes increase the activation energy, a chemical reaction occurs slower.}

^{c. Enzymes decrease the activation energy, so a chemical reaction occurs faster.}

^{d. Enzymes increase the activation energy, so a chemical reaction occurs faster.}

 

 

^{c. Enzymes decrease the activation energy, so a chemical reaction occurs faster.}

200

^{What explains the interrelatedness of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?}

^{Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are not at all related.}

^{Cellular respiration makes sugar and oxygen, which are used in photosynthesis to create ATP.}

^{Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both use carbon dioxide and oxygen as reactants to ATP.}

^{Photosynthesis produces oxygen and sugar, which are used in cellular respiration to produce ATP, and cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and water, which are used in photosynthesis.}

^{Photosynthesis produces oxygen and sugar, which are used in cellular respiration to produce ATP, and cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and water, which are used in photosynthesis.}

300

Cells use sugar to produce energy through several different processes. Which processes provide the most energy for cell functions?

A. glycolysis

B. aerobic respiration

C. aerobic fermentation

D. anaerobic respiration

aerobic respiration

400

^{What demonstrates a property of water?}

^{a. Water temperature changes quickly in oceans.}

^{b. Ice sinks to the bottom of oceans.}

^{c. Water’s high specific heat helps regulate body temperature in living things because it absorbs heat slowly.}

^{d. Water molecules repel each other and therefore cannot create surface tension.}

^{Water’s high specific heat helps regulate body temperature in living things because it absorbs heat slowly.}

500

Name all 4 macro molecules and their monomers.

carbohydrates (CHO)- monosaccharides

lipids (CHO)- fatty acids and glycerol

proteins (CHON)- amino acids

nucleic acids (CHONP)- nucleotides which contain a phosphate group and sugar (side of molecule and 2 of the 4 nitrogenous bases - AT CG)