Carbs
What is an example of a monosaccharide?
What is an example of a polysaccharide?
- glucose
-lactose
Lipids don't necessarily have "monomers"; however, ______ make up ______ and _______.
- fatty acids
-phospholipids
- triglycerides
What's the difference between Ionic and Covalent bonds.
Ionic bonds are between a metal and non-metal in this bond electrons are either lost or gained
ex: In order for Cl to fill it's valence shell it must steal an electron from Na
Covalent bonds are between two non-metals and electrons are shared. These bonds can be polar or non-polar.
ex: H + H forming H2 would be sharing electrons
Define polar and non-polar
polar: molecules that have partial + and - ends
non-polar: molecules that don't have partially charged ends.
Steroids, a type of ____ (carb/lipid/protein), are primarily _____ (hydrophobic/ hydrophilic). '
Steroids have the same basic ____ but can vary by different _________.
-lipid
-hydrophobic
- structure
- functional groups
Carbohydrates functions
1.) energy
2.) structure (cellulose= cell wall)
If fatty acids are made up of two components, they how do they vary?
How do saturated and unsaturated fats vary.
- The number of carbons and number of double bonds vary.
- unsaturated fats have double bonds and a less linear structure while saturated fats have no double bonds and a linear structure.
Carbon is very versatile in it's bonding because it can make up to four covalent bonds
Cell theory:
1.) all living things are made of 1 or more cells
2.) cells are the basic structural + functional unit of a living organism
3.) all cells arise from pre-existing cells
What is the head of a phospholipid composed of? What about the tail?
head: glycerol and phosphate group
tail: 2 fatty acids
Building polysaccharides is done through a process called _____. In this process _____ is removed. A bond called a _____ is formed between the two _______.
- condensation reaction (or dehydration synthesis)
- water
- glycosidic linkage
- monomers
Describe the chemical structure of a fatty acid.
Fatty acids have a carboxyl group that is attached to a chain of carbons
What determines if a covalent bond is polar or non-polar?
Electronegativity (the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself).
Use the periodic table to determine electronegativity. (Top right is the most electronegative)How many bonds do each of the atoms below form?
H: N:
O: P:
C: S:
H: 1 N: 3
O: 2 P: 3
C: 4 S: 2
Lipid functions
1.) energy storage
2.) cell signaling
3.) insulation
4.) cell membranes
Breaking a glycosidic linkage
- called hydrolysis
- an enzyme is required for this
- Water is added back
What bond holds lipids together?
ester linkage
Define hydrogen bonds.
A weak attraction between 2 polar molecules where partial - and partial + ends are paired. There is no sharing of electrons.
Describe van der waals interactions.
Between electrically neutral molecules that pass very close to each other. This is caused by temporary attractions between electron-rich regions of 1 molecule and electron-poor regions of another.
Alone these are pretty weak but can become strong in groups.
The fuller an atom's outer shell=
the less reactive the atom is
What makes carbs soluble in water?
their functional groups
molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.
______ (polar or non-polar) bonds are a form of _______ (potential or kinetic) energy.
- non-polar
-potential
Why can we not digest cellulose?
Enzymes ____ a reaction. In order to do this they require a _____, which enzymes only fit into that specific _____.
- catalyze
- substrate
-substrate