CR and Photo
where does glycolysis occur?
the cytoplasm
what is the purpose of the kreb cycle?
to produce FADH2, ATP, NADH, for cellular resp.
when does dna replication occur in cells
S phase
what initiates transcription?
the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter on the dna strand.
what are the stages of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, and M
why does fermentation occur?
to allow microorganisms, in the absence of oxygen, to break down carboydrates
specifically, where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
what are the 3 enzymes involved in dna replication?
helicase, single-stranded binding, topoisomerase
what is responsible for elongation in translation?
the adding of tRNA to the P and A site of the ribosome.
what types of cells are produced during mitosis and meiosis?
mitosis: 2 identical diploid cells
meiosis: 4 unique haploid cells
what are the major inputs/outputs for the calvin cycle?
C02, NADPH, and ATP
what is a redox reaction?
electron transfer. either oxidative(losing electrons) or reduced(gain electrons)
what strand are okazaki fragments found?
the lagging strand during dna replication
what are frameshift mutations and thier effect?
insertion(adding an amino acid) deletion(removal of amino acid)
what phase, in the cell cycle, ensures that each cell receives an identical copy of genetic info before mitosis/meiosis?
the S phase
what are the major inputs and outputs of Light reactions?
ATP, H20, ADP, and NADP+
what are codons?
found in mRNA, they specify for 20 amino acids when building the template strand.
what does tRNA do?
serves as a binder between mRNA and the growing chain of amino acids.
how does nondisjunction occur?
chromosomes do not separate completely during cell division
what are examples of postzygotic barriers?
reduced hybrid fertility (hybrid infertile but vigor)
hybrid breakdown (hybrid good, offspring feeble)\
reduces hybrid viability (parent genes stop offspring full development)
what is the purpose of pyruvate oxidation?
to convert pyruvate to Acetyl coA for entry into the Krebs cycle. (also produces NADH used in ETC)
what are the 3, small-scale, point mutations?
what does rRNA do?
serves as a "messenger" delivering genetic info from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
what are examples of prezygotic barriers?
Habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical.