Evolution
An organelle often referred to as the control centre of the cell
The nucleus
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype
A genotype is an organism's unique, internal genetic code (Aa). A phenotype is the observable physical expression of those genes, e.g. hair colour
Identify two forms of evidence for evolution
1. Fossils
2. Comparative anatomy
3. Comparative Embryology
4. Vestigial Structures
5. DNA hybridization
What are the three lines of defence
Physical barrier - Skin
General defence - phagocytes
Specialised Defence and antibody creation - Type B and T Cells
This type of cell lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
Prokaryote
True or false - All microbes are pathogens
False
What is the purpose of punnet squares
to predict the probability of offspring inheriting specific genetic traits and alleles from two parents.
What is the key genetic process required for evolution to occur
Mutation
How do vaccines work
train your immune system to fight specific diseases without causing you to become sick. They introduce a harmless piece, a weakened form, or a genetic blueprint of the germ (bacteria or virus) into your body
The cell division process via which an individual's chromosomes are mixed and merged to produce genetically unique haploid gamete cells
Meiosis
What is the difference between antibacterial agents and antibiotics
Antibacterial agent:A natural or synthetic chemical that kills or slows bacterial growth.Eg. Bleach breaks open bacterial cell walls AND destroys proteins inside the cell.
Antibiotic: A chemical that treats infections caused by bacteria. Antibiotics damage bacteria so your immune system can finish them off. Eg, Penicillin — the world's first antibiotic, discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928
What is the corresponding code: T C A T T G C
A G T A A C G
What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures
Homologous Features: Structures that have a common evolutionary origin.
Analogous Features: Features that have the same function but evolved independently in the organisms.
In what scenario would you use an antibacterial versus an antibiotic
Use antibiotics to treat internal bacterial infections (like strep throat or UTIs) by killing or stopping bacteria inside your body. Use antibacterials on surfaces, hands, or minor wounds to prevent bacteria from spreading or causing surface-level infections.
Provide FOUR examples of specialised cells
Answers may vary
A type of white blood cell that remembers pathogens and creates antibodies
B Cell
What are the four natural selection pressures?
1. Variation
2. Over Production
3. Selection
4. Inherited variation (Survival of the fittest)
Steps of fossilisation
1. Death
2. Sediment build up (burial)
3. Dissolved minerals (mineralisation)
4. Compacting and Sedimentation
5. Uplift and erosion
Totipotent
A mother and father have three daughters and two sons. One of their sons is colorblind. None of their other children are colorblind. What is the genotype of the mother?
Heterozygous for colorblindness