Scoville
Who developed the Scoville scale? (First and last name)
Wilbur Scoville
What is Synesthesia?
When the brain interprets a stimulus to one sense as coming from another
What color is a positive Benedict's test?
Red/brown
What is the meaning of an effector enzyme?
Enzyme that can increase or decrease cell responses
What is the ligand for taste reception?
Food molecule
What was the Scoville Scale based on the concentration of?
Capsaicinoids
What type of canning highlights blood flow in the cerebral cortex and shows shared sensations?
Positron emission tomography/PET Scan
What does the color change in a Benedict's test indicate?
Glucose presense in urine
What are 3 types of ligand/signaling models?
Hormones, light, mechanical touch, growth factors, antigens, neurotransmitters
What is the most sensitive part of a taste receptor?
Taste hair
Why does milk relieve effects of spice & effects of addiction in providing medicine?
Milk is nonpolar and will pick up "spice molecules"
What is the most common form of synesthesia (name and what it causes)?
Grapheme-color type: letters, numbers, and time evoke spectrum colors
Clear
What is the first step of Biosignaling and what happens?
Reception; ligand binds to GPCR, receptor undergoes a conformational change, G protein is activated
What are the five types of taste cells?
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
This is a pain receptor that responds to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. It is found all over the body and is activated by compounds in spicy foods. What is it?
Polymodal nociceptor
Synesthesia may be common in ____ & disappears as synapses change during development.
Infants
What color is a positive ELISA test and what does it test for the presense of?
Green; presense of C peptide
What are the 4 parts of the GPCR?
Extracellular N terminal
7 transmembrane alpha helices
Integral membrane protein
Intracellular C terminal
What two ions are released in the response phase to make the cell more positive?
Na+ and Ca2+
What is the difference between isothiocynates and alkylamides?
Isothiocynates: small & easily flow into the sinuses (Ex: mustard, wasabie, etc.)
Alkylamides: large & stay in the mouth (Ex: black pepper & chili pepper)
What is lexical-gustatory synesthesia?
A name evokes perception of a strong taste or odor
What does it mean when there is a presence of C-peptide?
Green; presence of C peptide
What are the steps during transduction?
1. GTP replaces GDP
2. Slowly hydrolyzes the GTp replacement
3. Alpha subunit dissociates from beta and gamma subunits
4. Activates an effector enzyme
5. Produces a secondary messenger
6. Downstream targets leads to cell response
I. Secondary messenger: Small molecule/ions that relays message from effector enzymes
Ii. Effector enzyme: Enzyme that can increase or decrease cell responses
What molecules are umami taste receptors stimulated by? Give examples
Certain amino acids
Ex: glutamic acid, aspartic acid, MSG