History
He came up with the scale of nature, all things ranked from inorganic to organic.
Who is Aristotle?
This is the only type of gene sharing that does NOT introduce new genetic information between a bacteria and its offspring.
What is binary fission?
Evolution is the ________ in _______ over ______.
change in allele frequencies over time
It is migration or interbreeding of two separate populations that introduces new genetic variation
What is gene flow?
These are two structures that are similar because of a common ancestry
What are homologous structures?
This describes the theory that changes to an individual during their lifetime are passed on to their offspring.
What is "acquired characteristics"?
This is the transfer of plasmids from one bacterium to another via direct cell-cell contact
What is conjugation?
It's the the ultimate source of all genetic variation required for evolution to be possible
What is mutation?
It is when a random event (often natural disaster) drastically shrinks population size, so only alleles that the survivors possess will be passed on
What is the bottleneck effect?
These are two features have same function but came about from unrelated organisms
What are analogous structures?
This is theory that processes we see today (like erosion and earthquakes) were also shaping the Earth a long time ago.
What is uniformitarianism?
It's the uptake of naked DNA from the environment by “competent” bacteria
What is transformation?
These are the three requirements for natural selection.
What are
1-variation in traits
2-heritable traits passed to offspring
3-differential reproductive success
It is when a small number of colonizing ancestors introduce their alleles to a new location for the first time.
What is the founder effect?
This is a taxon that consists of all the evolutionary descendants of a common ancestor
What is a clade?
Populations produce more offspring than can survive is the foundation of this concept.
What is survival of the fittest?
It's the transfer of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another by a virus
What is transduction?
This is when selective pressure favors a phenotype on one (extreme) end of the spectrum
What is directional selection?
This is the primary difference between genetic drift and natural selection.
In natural selection, those individuals best suited for that particular environment survive, while in genetic drift there is no selection and which individuals survive is completely random or due to chance.
This is the most distantly related species; used as a reference group
What is the outgroup?
These two scientists came up with the concept of natural selection.
Who are Wallace and Darwin?
It is a small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria (and some other organisms) that is separate from their main chromosome
What is a plasmid?
This is when individuals with intermediate phenotypes are the most “fit”
What is stabilizing selection?
In the late 1800s, Northern Elephant Seals were hunted to near extinction for their blubber, leaving only about 20 individuals. Today, their population has rebounded to over 150,000. However, they all descend from this small group of survivors.
Which nonadaptive evolution mechanism is illustrated in this scenario?
The bottleneck effect
This is when distantly related species develop similar “solution” to similar “problem”
What is convergent evolution?