Cell Structure
dentify the structure that provides support to plant cells.
Cell Wall
What is the primary role of the Golgi Apparatus?
Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery.
What is a defining characteristic of multicellular organisms?
They consist of multiple cells that may perform specialized functions.
What distinguishes a virus from a bacterium?
Viruses cannot reproduce independently and lack cellular structure.
What is the role of memory cells in the immune response?
Memory cells provide long-term immunity by remembering past infections and responding quickly upon re-exposure.
Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of organelle presence.
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotic cells have them.
Describe the function of lysosomes in cellular processes.
Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest waste materials and cellular debris.
Explain the significance of homeostasis in living organisms.
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment, crucial for survival.
Describe one method by which bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance.
Through genetic mutations or acquiring resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer.
Explain how vaccines work to protect against diseases.
Vaccines introduce an antigen to stimulate an immune response without causing disease, leading to immunity.
Name the organelle responsible for energy production and describe its role.
Mitochondria; it converts nutrients into energy.
How do chloroplasts contribute to the process of photosynthesis?
They convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
What are the main criteria that define life?
Growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli, and cellular organization.
Discuss the implications of viral infections on host cells.
Viral infections can disrupt normal cell function and may lead to cell death.
Describe the concept of herd immunity and its significance.
Herd immunity occurs when a significant portion of a population becomes immune, protecting those who are not immune.
What are the main components of the cell membrane's structure?
Phospholipids and proteins.
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell?
It synthesizes proteins and lipids and transports them within the cell.
How does the ability to adapt contribute to the survival of a species?
Adaptation enhances the likelihood of survival in changing environments and increases reproductive success.
How can viruses contribute to genetic diversity in host organisms?
By facilitating horizontal gene transfer through mechanisms like transduction.
What are the potential consequences of antibiotic misuse?
Antibiotic misuse can lead to increased antibiotic resistance, making infections harder to treat.
Explain the role of ribosomes in the cell and where they can be found.
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis and can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Discuss the importance of vacuoles in plant cells compared to animal cells.
Vacuoles maintain turgor pressure in plant cells and store nutrients and waste; they are much larger in plant cells than in animal cells.
Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction in terms of genetic diversity.
Sexual reproduction leads to greater genetic diversity; asexual reproduction results in genetically identical offspring.
What role do bacteriophages play in controlling bacterial populations?
Bacteriophages infect and lyse bacteria, which can be used as a biological control method.
Discuss the historical impact of vaccines on public health.
Vaccines have dramatically reduced or eliminated many infectious diseases, leading to increased life expectancy and improved public health outcomes.