DNA Structure
DNA stands for this
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA stands for this.
Ribonucleic Acid
Translation happens in this organelle.
Ribosome
A change in the DNA sequence is called a
What is a mutation?
Genes are segments of this molecule.
What is DNA?
The shape of a DNA molecule is called a what?
Double Helix
This base replaces thymine (T) in RNA.
What is uracil (U)?
A 3-base sequence in mRNA is called a ____
Codon
Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or _____
neutral
This molecule carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome.
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?
These 4 nitrogen bases make up DNA.
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Transcription happens in this part of the cell.
What is the nucleus?
tRNA brings these to the ribosome.
Amino Acids
What’s the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation?
A point mutation changes one base; a frameshift shifts the reading frame by insertion/deletion.
Which type of RNA pairs with codons using anticodons?
What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?
The backbone of DNA is made up of these two components.
sugar (deoxyribose) and a phosphate
The enzyme responsible for transcription.
What is RNA polymerase?
What does the ribosome do during translation?
It reads codons and assembles amino acids into a chain.
Give an example of a genetic disorder caused by a mutation.
What is sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, or Huntington’s disease?
What determines the order of amino acids in a protein?
What is the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA/mRNA?
What type of bond holds the nitrogen bases together in the center of DNA?
hydrogen bonds
Describe the steps of transcription in the correct order.
1) DNA unzips, 2) RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA bases, 3) mRNA strand is formed, 4) mRNA exits the nucleus?
Explain how mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA work together to build a protein.
mRNA carries the code, tRNA brings amino acids, rRNA helps assemble the protein at the ribosome?
How can a mutation in DNA affect the resulting protein?
It can change the amino acid sequence, folding, and function of a protein.
Describe how inherited genetic instructions are turned into functional proteins.
DNA → mRNA → amino acids → proteins that perform cell functions