Cell-ebrate Good Times!
Who coined the term "cell" after observing cork under a microscope?
Robert Hooke
Which type of cell is smaller, lacks membrane-bound organelles, and reproduces via binary fission?
Prokaryotic cells
What are the three primary functions of cellular metabolism?
Energy conversion, building block synthesis, and waste elimination
What is the main difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?
Anabolic builds up molecules and consumes energy; catabolic breaks down molecules and releases energy
What is the purpose of the Gram-staining technique in microbiology?
To differentiate bacteria based on cell wall composition
Which scientist debunked spontaneous generation using broth in swan-neck flasks?
Louis Pasteur
Name the double membrane-bound organelle found only in eukaryotic cells that houses DNA.
Nucleus
In what organelle does cellular respiration primarily occur?
Mitochondria
Which process, anabolic or catabolic, is photosynthesis?
Anabolic.
Which step in Gram-staining involves using a counterstain to visualize Gram-negative bacteria?
Applying safranin
What are the three main principles of cell theory?
All organisms are made of cells; the cell is the basic unit of life, and cells arise from preexisting cells
What’s the main structural difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer and an outer membrane
Why are enzymes critical to metabolic pathways?
They act as catalysts, speeding up reactions and allowing regulation of the reaction rate
During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down into what compound during glycolysis?
Pyruvate.
Name the five basic bacterial shapes used in classification.
Spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), comma (vibrios), corkscrew (spirochaetes)
Which scientist first observed chromosomes during cell division and coined the term "mitosis"?
Walther Flemming
Which two cell types participate in sexual reproduction, with one undergoing meiosis?
Eukaryotic cells (gametes)
What’s the main byproduct of anaerobic respiration in human muscle cells?
Lactic acid
What is the primary anabolic process that converts glucose into glycogen for storage?
Glycogenesis.
Which part of Gram-negative bacteria makes them more resistant to antibiotics?
The outer membrane
Why is the "last universal common ancestor" (LUCA) significant in the history of life?
It represents the shared ancestor of all life, linking the evolutionary origins of all domains
What’s the primary role of ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Protein synthesis
Why is ATP considered the "energy currency" of the cell?
It stores and transfers energy for cellular processes
What is the main energy source used to drive anabolic reactions?
ATP
What’s the primary advantage of biofilms in bacterial communities?
They provide protection and enhanced resistance to environmental stresses and antibiotics