Cell Cycle Fundamentals
These two macromolecules are the primary components of eukaryotic chromatin.
What are DNA and proteins?
During this specific mitotic phase, sister chromatids fully separate and are pulled apart by spindle microtubules towards opposite poles.
What is anaphase?
One of the primary purposes of meiosis is to reduce the chromosome number from this state to this other state.
What is diploid (2n) to haploid (n)?
This term refers to a point in the cell cycle where a cell is checked for DNA damage or other cellular abnormalities.
What is a checkpoint?
Eukaryotic cells possess many linear chromosomes in the nucleus located in the cytosol, whereas prokaryotic cells this in the cytosol.
What is one circular chromosome located in the cytosol?
This critical event occurs during the S phase of interphase.
What is replication of the DNA?
These structures are located at the centromere of condensed chromosomes and serve as attachment points for microtubules.
What are kinetochores?
These chromosome pairs are best described as carrying information for the same traits, with one inherited from each parent.
What are homologous chromosomes?
If a cell fails to pass a checkpoint, this process of programmed cell death is the usual outcome.
What is apoptosis?
This process of cell division in prokaryotes typically produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
What is binary fission?
The three main stages of interphase, in their correct order.
What are G1, S, and G2 phases?
Assuming a human cell starts as 2n, this is the ploidy level of each daughter cell after completing mitosis.
What is 2n (diploid)?
A cell that has completed meiosis I and the first cytokinesis, and is just beginning meiosis II, has this amount of DNA compared to the cell that began meiosis.
What is half the amount of DNA?
These two main protein families, one expressed periodically and the other an enzyme, regulate a cell's progression into subsequent cell cycle phases.
What are Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)?
In animal cell cytokinesis, this structure forms from a ring of microtubules and eventually pinches the cell into two.
What is a cleavage furrow?
M phase is typically described as this relative to other cell cycle phases. (Hint: timing)
What is the shortest phase of the cell cycle?
Taxol, an anticancer drug, interferes with chromosome separation by preventing the depolymerization of these cellular structures.
What are microtubules?
In Prophase I of meiosis, the point where crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes is termed this.
What is the chiasma?
This specific checkpoint, occurring between G0 and G1, is considered the most important because passing it irreversibly commits a cell to completing the entire cell cycle.
What is the G1 Restriction Point?
In plant cell cytokinesis, this structure forms as vesicles from the Golgi apparatus deposit cellulose fibrils in the middle of the cell.
What is a cell plate?
DAILY DOUBLE !!!!
A cell type that spends more time in S phase than another likely differs in this characteristic.
What is the amount of DNA per nucleus?
What are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis?
This law describes the random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs (tetrads) at the metaphase plate during Meiosis I, contributing to genetic diversity.
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
The purpose of Meiosis is to ___________. There are 3 ways meiosis accomplishes this.
What is to increase genetic diversity/variation? Does this via Law of Independent Assortment, Crossing Over, and Random fertilization.
DAILY DOUBLE !!!
After DNA replication during binary fission, the two copies of chromosome connect to this at the opposite sides of the cell.
What is the plasma membrane?