Osmosis & Osmoregulation
Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?
A. All molecules can cross a cell membrane
B. Only water can cross a cell membrane
C. Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane
D. No molecules can cross a cell membrane
C. Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane
Ammonia:
A. Is soluble in water
B. Is insoluble in water
C. Is the least toxic nitrogenous waste
D. Requires very little water for disposal
A. Is soluble in water
Among the following species, the most concentrated urine is excreted by:
A. Freshwater fish
B. Kangaroo rats
C. Humans
D. Marine birds
B. Kangaroo rats
A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone’s:
A. Secretory cell
B. Endocrine gland
C. Target cell
D. Neurosecretory cell
C. Target cell
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which:
A. Two sperm fertilize one egg
B. An egg develops without being fertilized
C. An organism produces both eggs and sperm
D. An embryo divides into two organisms
B. An egg develops without being fertilized
If two solutions that differ in their osmolarity are separated by a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to water only), the net flow of water is:
A. From the hyperosmotic to the hyposmotic solution
B. From the hyposmotic to the hyperosmotic solution
C. Equal in both directions with no net movement
D. From the solution with more solutes to the solution with fewer solutes
B. From the hyposmotic to the hyperosmotic solution
Urea is the primary nitrogenous waste product of:
A. Birds
B. Insects
C. Reptiles
D. Humans
D. Humans
Which of the following characterizes the glomerular filtrate, the fluid that passes from the blood in the glomerulus into the proximal tubule of the nephron?
A. It is whole blood containing blood cells
B. It contains more proteins than blood plasma
C. It consists entirely of nitrogenous waste
D. It is blood plasma that lacks most proteins
D. It is blood plasma that lacks most proteins
In this type of signaling, secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cell that secreted them.
A. Autocrine
B. Paracrine
C. Endocrine
D. Synaptic
A. Autocrine
In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become:
A. A steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum
B. A new primary oocyte
C. The endometrial lining
D. A structure that produces FSH
A. A steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be _____ with its _____ environment:
A. Isosmotic; saltwater
B. Hyperosmotic; freshwater
C. Hyposmotic; saltwater
D. Isosmotic; freshwater
A. Isosmotic; saltwater
One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What other waste products may accumulate during normal physiological functioning in a vertebrate?
A. Oxygen, glucose, and glycogen
B. Ammonia, uric acid, and urea
C. Water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
D. Protein, lipids, and carbohydrates
B. Ammonia, uric acid, and urea
The more concentrated the urine that a mammal can produce, the longer are its:
A. Loops of Henle
B. Proximal tubules
C. Ureters
D. Glomerular capillaries
: A. Loops of Henle
Different body cells can respond differently to the same hormone because:
A. Hormones change their chemical structures in different tissues
B. Different target cells have different signal transduction pathways
C. Every hormone binds to every type of receptor
D. Hormones only affect cells located near the gland
B. Different target cells have different signal transduction pathways
The primary function of the corpus luteum is to:
A. Produce and release the oocyte
B. Stimulate sperm production
C. Maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred
D. Prevent the follicle from developing
C. Maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred
To maintain homeostasis, freshwater fish must _____:
A. Drink large quantities of water
B. Retain all nitrogenous waste
C. Excrete large quantities of salt
D. Excrete large quantities of water
D. Excrete large quantities of water
Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid:
A. Is more toxic than ammonia
B. Can only be excreted by aquatic animals
C. Requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass
D. Requires large quantities of water for disposal
C. Requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass
As filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes _____ osmolality than the filtrate, so _____ leaves the filtrate:
A. Lower; salt
B. Lower; water
C. Higher; water
D. Higher; glucose
C. Higher; water
Which of the following statements comparing water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones is true?
A. Only lipid-soluble hormones can travel through the bloodstream
B. Both types must bind to receptors on the cell membrane
C. Only water-soluble hormones can affect target cells
D. Both types of hormones can be transported in the bloodstream to their target sites
D. Both types of hormones can be transported in the bloodstream to their target sites
In response to the surge in this hormone, the follicle and adjacent wall of the ovary rupture, releasing the oocyte:
A. FSH
B. Progesterone
C. Estrogen
D. LH
D. LH
A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will:
A. Retain all the consumed water because seawater is isotonic
B. Produce no urine until fresh water becomes available
C. Excrete more water molecules than taken in because of the high load of ion ingestion
D. Absorb the salt without changing water balance
C. Excrete more water molecules than taken in because of the high load of ion ingestion.
Which row of observations would be the most likely for these organisms in their natural environment?
A. Terrestrial: Dilute; Freshwater: Concentrated; Marine: Dilute
B. Terrestrial: Dilute; Freshwater: Concentrated; Marine: Concentrated
C. Terrestrial: Concentrated; Freshwater: Dilute; Marine: Concentrated
D. Terrestrial: Concentrated; Freshwater: Dilute; Marine: Dilute
E. Terrestrial: Dilute; Freshwater: Dilute; Marine: Concentrated
C. Terrestrial: Concentrated; Freshwater: Dilute; Marine: Concentrated
A renal physiologist wants to determine the rate of filtration in the glomeruli of the kidney. The best experimental design would be to inject a substance into the blood which:
A. Cannot pass through the glomerular capillaries
B. Can pass through the glomerular capillaries and is not reabsorbed in the renal tubules
C. Is completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
D. Is secreted into the renal tubules after filtration
B. Can pass through the glomerular capillaries and is not reabsorbed in the renal tubules
Which one of the following is NOT an advantage of chemical messengers over electrical signals?
A. Chemical molecules initiate faster responses
B. Chemical molecules can spread to all tissues
C. Chemical signals can persist longer
D. Different chemicals can target different tissues
E. All of the above are advantages of chemical messengers
A. Chemical molecules initiate faster responses
For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan breeding program. Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit. Which is the most promising option?
A. Progesterone
B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C. Inhibin
D. Testosterone
E. Prolactin
B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)