Scientific Method, Chemistry, & Life
The basic unit of life.
What is the cell?
These are the building blocks of proteins and are joined together by peptide bonds.
What are amino acids?
This molecule is considered the cell's primary energy currency and stores energy in high-energy phosphate bonds.
What is ATP?
These are identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together by a centromere until they separate during cell division.
What are sister chromatids?
This enzyme seals the gaps between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
What is DNA ligase?
The variable that is intentionally changed in an experiment.
What is the independent variable?
This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins before they leave the cell.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
This process uses the energy stored in a proton gradient to produce ATP as hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase.
What is chemiosmosis?
This process increases genetic variation by exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.
What is crossing over?
Unlike a substitution mutation, this type of mutation shifts the reading frame of every codon downstream if the number of nucleotides added or removed is not a multiple of three.
What is a frameshift mutation?
Unlike a hypothesis, this well-supported explanation has been repeatedly tested and explains a broad range of observations.
What is a scientific theory?
A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell because water enters the cell through this process.
What is osmosis?
During photosynthesis, oxygen gas is produced when this molecule is split during the light-dependent reactions.
What is water (H₂O)?
A person with blood type AB demonstrates this inheritance pattern because both alleles are fully expressed.
What is codominance?
This type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome by matching its anticodon to an mRNA codon.
What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?
Water's ability to dissolve many substances, its high specific heat, and its cohesion are all consequences of this type of intermolecular attraction.
What are hydrogen bonds?
The presence of DNA, ribosomes, and a double membrane in mitochondria and chloroplasts provides evidence for this evolutionary explanation.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Although many people associate this process only with animals, plants and fungi also perform it to release energy from glucose.
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
Unlike mitosis, this type of cell division produces four genetically unique haploid cells instead of two genetically identical diploid cells.
What is meiosis?
More than one codon can code for the same amino acid because the genetic code has this property.
What is degeneracy?
These three domains include all known living organisms.
What are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya?
Unlike starch and glycogen, this polysaccharide provides structural support in plant cell walls because humans cannot digest the bonds between its glucose molecules.
What is cellulose?
These two biological processes are essentially opposites at the ecosystem level because the products of one serve as the reactants of the other.
What are photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Unlike proto-oncogenes, these genes normally slow or stop cell division, and when they are inactivated, cancer is more likely to develop
What are tumor suppressor genes?
When lactose is present but glucose is scarce, this bacterial gene regulation system is activated so the cell can produce enzymes that digest lactose.
What is the lac operon?