Cells
Cells
Chem and macromolecules
Chem and macromolecules 2
Chem and macromolecules 3
100
What type of cell is this? How do you know if its prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Membrane bound organelles, DNA enclosed in a membrane (nucleus)
100
Which of the following determines cell type/ cell differentiation?
Genome
# of mitochondria
Proteome
Ribosomes
Proteome- all of the proteins in an organism
100
What is the pH scale? What pH is considered acidic; basic?
pH scale determines how acidic or basic a solution is
pH below 7 is acidic
pH about 7 is basic
100
What does the atomic number of an atom/element represent?
What does the atomic mass represent?
Atomic number: # of protons
Atomic mass: # of protons and neutrons
100
What are the 4 macromolecules?
What are their monomers?
Proteins (monomer: amino acids)
Nucleic acids (monomer: nucleotides)
Carbohydrates (monomer: monosaccharides)
Lipids (monomers: glycerol and fatty acid chains)
200
What characteristics do all cells have in common?
They contain genetic information (DNA)
They have macromolecules- Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
They utilize energy to drive chemical reactions (Metabolism)
Organization- cells are enclosed in a plasma membrane across which nutrients and waste can pass.
200
What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic- DNA not enclosed in a membrane, no membrane bound organelles, smaller in size, smaller genome
Eukaryotic- DNA enclosed in a membrane, membrane bound organelles, larger, larger genome
200
If a solution has a greater concentration of H, is it considered acidic or basic?
If a solution has a greater concentration of [OH], is it considered acidic or basic?
1) Acidic
2) Basic
200
What type of bond is this? What is happening?
Ionic bond
Electrons are being transferred from one atom to another. Opposite charges then bond the elements together.
200
What type of reaction is used to join two monomers together?
What type of reaction would break a polymer down?
*How?
Dehydration reaction: joins monomers by removing a molecule of water
Hydrolysis: breaks polymers down by adding a molecule of water
300
What are the 3 components of cell theory?
All living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
Cells are the smallest independent units of life
All cells arise from pre-existing cells (Cell division produces new cells from pre-existing cells)
300
What are lysosomes and how do they work?
organelles that are part of the endomembrane system. they use digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules.
300
What type of lipid is shown? How do you know?
What are the other categories of lipids?
Steroid because of the 4 ring structure
Other lipids: triglycerides (aka fats), phospholipids, waxes
300
What is an ion?
What is an isotope?
Ion: An atom that has gained or lost electron(s)
Isotope: An atom with a differing number of neutrons in the nucleus (# of protons is equal to neutrons, when the # of neutrons is different, it is an isotope)
300
What are the 2 monomers that create lipids?
Glycerol + fatty acid tails
400
What is the endomembrane system? What organelles are involved?
The endomembrane system is a group of organelles that work together to produce, modify, and export lipids and proteins.
The organelles involved include the rough and smooth ER, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
400
What are the 4 kingdoms of eukarya?
Plants, animal, fungi, protists
400
What is a polar covalent bond?
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
Polar covalent: a covalent bond between 2 atoms with a big difference in electronegativity (O-H). Electrons are shared unequally.
Nonpolar covalent: a covalent bond between 2 atoms with similar electronegativity (H-H, O-O). Electrons are shared equally.
400
What type of interaction/bond is shown? What is happening?
Covalent bond
Electrons being shared between 2 atoms
400
What monomer is shown below? What macromolecule do they create when multiple are bonded together?
Monomer: amino acid
Polymer/macromolecule: Proteins
500
What is compartmentalization? What are the 2 benefits?
Certain reactions are compartmentalized into different organelles. (Certain organelles have specific functions)
1) Incompatible reactions can be separated
2) Increased cell efficiency
500
Explain if smaller or bigger cells are more efficient in terms of surface area to volume ratio.
Smaller cells are more efficient. They have more surface area per unit of volume compared to large cells, which means there's more space for things (nutrients, waste, etc) to enter and leave the cell.
500
What monomer is shown below? What macromolecule do they create when multiple are bonded together?
Monomer: monosaccharide
Polymer/macromolecule: Carbohydrates
500
What type of interaction/bond is shown?
*How do you know? What is happening?
Hydrogen bond
Bond between opposite partial charges of different molecules.
500
What monomer is shown below? When multiple are bonded together, which macromolecule do they make?
Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer/Macromolecule: nucleic acids